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| the study of the interaction of all physical and human phenomena at individual places; human, environment, and interaction |
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| studying the physical environment; land, characteristics of the environment, natural science |
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| activities of human groups; social science |
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| culture, role that cultures play in interactions of human relationships |
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| 1st to use the term "geography," calculated circumference of the Earth, and made the 1st map |
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| greatest world map before European exploration |
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| Age of Discovery, led to general European awareness of the American Continents |
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| geographic features of an area or places |
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| exact location of a place |
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| location of a place relative to others |
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| areas defined by distinctive traits |
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| defined by uniformity in physical or cultural features; finite boundaries (Chicago) |
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| defined by interaction, linked by trade or communication (Chicagoland area) |
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| defined by popular notions (perceptual; Midwest) |
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| interactions among areas or places |
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| absolute (30 mi from A to B), time, and cost |
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| the further the distance, the less interaction |
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| process of a dispersion of an idea from a center of origin to more distant points |
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| occurs between widely separated places |
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| occurs between neighboring places through direct contact |
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| occurs according to an organizational hierarchy (airline routes) |
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| 2D representation of the Earth's 3D surface |
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| statement of a relative size; expressed in a written statement, fraction, or scale bar |
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| transfer of location on Earth's surface to a flat map |
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| distorts the size, but preserves the shape |
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| preserves the size, but distorts the shape |
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| most common map projection today; conformal |
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| study of landforms and processes that create them |
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| internal (earthquakes, volcanoes) |
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| external (weathering, radiation) |
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| puzzle pieces, shared fozzils, seafloor spreading |
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| mapped ocean bottom during WWII, seafloor spreading |
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| isolated, underwater volcanic mountain (Hawaiian Islands) |
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| dispelled notion of "fixed Earth," argues for Pangea |
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| convergent, divergent, transform |
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| plates pull apart—Great Rift Valley |
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| plates push together—Mariana Trench |
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| plates slide past each other—San Andrea's Fault |
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| result of a sudden release of energy from the Earth's crust |
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| point beneath Earth's surface where an Earthquake starts |
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| where an Earthquale begins on the suface |
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| determines the size and damage of an Earthquake |
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| a series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water; result of an Earthquake |
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| surface vent where lava emerges |
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| runny lava cools to form basalt—Mauna Loa, Hawaii |
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| thick and gassy magma, forms pyroclasts—Krakatau |
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| ring around the Pacific Plate where volcanoes mostly appear |
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| magma erupted onto the surface |
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| water carrying solid rock particles downhill |
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| thick layers or moving ice; alpine and continental |
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| glassy cinders that are sent into the air from volcanic eruptions |
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| thicker, less dense, and older than oceanic crust |
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| explanation of the how the 3 types of rocks can be affected and transformed into one another |
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| broken down pieces of rock from weather and erosion |
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| formed when heat and pressure break down rock |
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| metallic ore widely used in cell phones; mining leads to war |
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| rocks dissolved by chemical processes from exposure to air or water—leaching |
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| rocks broken down by physical forces—potholes |
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| due to the chemical weather in Mexico—sinkholes |
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| rocks move downhill under the pull of gravity |
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| slow type of mass movement |
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| more rapid form of mass movement |
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| water carrying solid rock particles downhill |
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| thick chunk of ice that covers land surfaces |
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| glacially formed accumulation of debris |
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| interval of time in an ice age with a colder temperature |
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| the day to day variations in temperature, precipitation, etc. |
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| the statistical summary of weather over time |
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| persistent, large-scale, cyclone that carries low-pressure, cold-core weather to areas |
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| tissue that produces heat when the body becomes too cold |
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| the amount of solar energy intercepted by a particular are of Earth; depends on the intensity and the number of hour that radiation strikes |
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| the solar angle at which solar radiation strikes a particular place at any point in time |
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| vernal—spring and autumnal—fall |
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| amount of heat related to the number of hours of sunlight |
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| important process of heat transfer in the environment |
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| the amount of energy needed for the transition between the different states: gas, liquid, solid |
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| amount of heat exchanged in hidden, occurs without a change in temperature |
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| Conventional Precipitation |
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| warming near the surface; warm air rises and expands, resulting is less pressure |
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| horizontal winds move air against mountain ranges, forcing air to rise, then adiabatic cooling, then condensation—Andes Mountains |
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| forms along a front, warm air is less dense |
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| boundary between two air masses |
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| measure atmospheric pressure |
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| Global Atmospheric Circulation (4) |
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| Intertropical convergence, Subtropical high-pressure, Midlatitued low pressure, and Polar high-pressure |
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| seasonal, reversing winds |
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| warm ocean temperatures along Equatorial Pacific; impacts weather around the globe |
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| area of closed, circular fluid motion; winds converge counterclockwise (North) and clockwise (South) |
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| Hurricanes and Typhoons, intense rotating convectional systems, beginning as low pressure systems |
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| centers of low pressure that develop along the polar front; cooler, less humid latitudes, less intense, but more common |
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| Humid Midlatitude—strong seasonal contrasts |
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| Natural Impacts on Climate |
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| the Sun, Volcanic eruptions, and Earth's orbit |
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| enhances greenhouse effect, aerosols, ozone depletion, changes in land use |
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| concentration of ozone molecules in the stratosphere; absorbs harmful UVs |
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| destroy ozone layer, buildup of CO2 causes more polar stratosphere clouds, fragment into chlorine atoms |
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| Climate Change Cant Be Natural, Why? |
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| Radiocarbon-dead increase over time, decreased C12 isotopes |
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| used to evaluate risk of human-caused climate change; de facto conservative standard for accuracy of scientific facts |
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| panel of countries that agreed to reduce greenhouse gas emission; US signed, but didnt agree to change, Canada backed out |
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