• Not man-made
• Inorganic: NO carbon

• Different comp = different colors
• Range of comp = different family members

EX:    Family       =    Mica

         Members   =    Biotite and Muscovite

A member of the family- Mica

Black because of composition

A member of the family- Mica

White because of composition

Shape reflects different atomic/internal structure

Ex: cubic, round, flat, long

Water

Chemical

1. Color
2. Streak color
3. Hardness
4. Luster
5. Cleavage
6. Crystal form
7. Weight
8. Taste
9. Chemical Reaction

Either: Metallic, glassy, or earthy

A plane that can be broken

6 surfaces = 3 pairs = 3 cleavage

Chemical reaction with HCl

Only calcite reacts with HCl (bubbling)

1.      Talc

2.      Gypsum

3.      Calcite

4.      Fluorite

5.      Apatite

6.      Orthoclase

7.      Quartz

8.      Topaz

9.      Corundum

10.  Diamond

·         1-2 scratched with finger nail

·         3-6 scratched with nail/knife/coin

·         7-10 not scratched with nail/knife/coin

Pearly- White

Soapy/greasy

Can peel like onion skin

Used as window glass in 17th and 18th century

• Quartz
• Mica
• Orthoclase
• Calcite/Galena/Pyrite/Gold
• Fluorite
• *none to name*
• Sphelurite

• Q - 0
• M - 1
• O - 2
• C - 3
• F - 4
• * - 5
• S - 6

• Nucleus
• Electrons

Elements with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons

Example:     Carbon- has 6 protons

      C- #                                    #: mass number

      C-12                                        6 neutrons

      C-13                                        7 neutrons

      C-14                                        8 neutrons

Silica Tetrahedra 

One silicon (Si), four oxygen (O₄)

Island

Ring

Chain

Doubld-Chain

Sheet

Network

Harder minerals:

Feldspar

Quartz

Biotite

Muscovite

Plagioclase

Orthoclase

Minerals are made of _____ thing

Rocks are made of _____ minerals

One

Different

Olivine (highest crystallization temp)

Volcanoes create olivine

High

Low

Mafic

Intermediate

Felsic

Dark colored

Heavy

Plagioclase Feldspar = Ca rich

Top of chart: Olivine and Pyroxene

Medium colored

Medium weight

Plagioclase Feldspar = 50/50

Middle of chart: Amphibole

Light colored

Light

Plagioclase Feldspar = Na rich

Bottom of chart: Biotite, Muscovite, Microcline (orthoclase), Quartz

D: different minerals at different temperatures

C: Keeps making plagioclase (one mineral) 

Intrusive vs. Extrusive

Difference is in the texture: GRAIN size

Same composition, same minerals

IN the surface

Coarse grained rocks- MAGMA cools slowly

Granite- Felsic

Diorite- Intermediate

Gabbro- Mafic

ON the surface

Fine grained rocks- LAVA cools very fast

Rhyolite- Felsic

Andesite- Intermediate

Basalt- Mafic

BELOW surface

Before volcanic eruption

INtrusive rocks

ON the surface

After volcanic eruption

EXtrusive rocks

Magma is full of _____ which cause it to move

Due to low _____ it moves UP

Gases

Density

• Quiet, non-violent, non-explosive
• Non-quiet, violent, explosive (most dangerous on earth)

No rocks

No ashes

See: Magma

Small volcanoes (not tall, low level)

Explosions

Ash

• Cone (Mt. St. Helens, Mt. Fuji- Japan)
• Dome and Spine (Mt. Pele, Mt. Vesuvius- Pompeii, Italy)

Cone: Tallest

Dome/Spine: Small

Make Basalt- Mafic, Extrusive

Fire fountains

Lava Lakes

Fissure Flows

Dike

Sill

Batholith

Lava-flow

Perpendicular or high-angle to rocks

Vertical structure

Come out of Pluton

BELOW surface of earth

(intrusive)

Parallel to rocks

Horizontal structure

Come out of Pluton

BELOW surface of earth

Hugh body of magma

Batholith = Pluton

BELOW surface of earth

Flows on the surface

Example: Volcanic rocks (Extrusive)

Monitoring micro-earthquakes- caused by movements of magma (example: small earthquakes in Hawaii)

Volume-swelling- earth's volume increases when magma moves UP (bulging)

Location- Most earthquakes located around PACIFIC Ocean

Extent- >75% surface of continents covered by water

Past life- sedimentary rocks= fossils & plants

Layering (stratification)- sed rocks = layers

§  Strata: layers

Past environments- sed rocks have record of past environments

Rock deformation- sed rocks have record of rock deformation- folds and faults

They form from different sources

§  Ex: Mississippi river- many other rivers join

They change during transportation from one point to another

§  Ex: Sandstone in beginning, end = mud/shale

Break

Texture changes- shape and size: flat, jagged vs. round, flat

Rivers

Oceans

Angular

Sub-angular

Sub-rounded

Rounded

Cross beds

Channel fill

Graded beds

Two layers crossing each other

Can determine wind and flow direction

(whichever way bent = wind opposite)

ex- bent right, wind heads left

form in SHALLOW waters

Used to determine right-side up or overturned

Like rivers (think of a cup)

Form in shallow waters

Form in DEEP waters

Thickest in Arkansas created by tectonic plates

Submarine canyon

Have turbidite current

Deep waters

Sandstone- gray wacke

The whole rock- Turbidite

Slope- turbulent suspension flows DOWN slope

No slope- suspension slows down

Must have submarine canyon

EXAMPLE: Gray wacke and Turbidite

Well: same size and shape

Poor: different size and shape

Compaction

Loss of volume and water

Cementation- holds particles together

Calcite

Silica

Iron Oxide

Clastic

Chemical

Organic

Biochemical (rare)

Rock has some organic material in it

Ex: Shells

Combination of chemical and organic

Bio = organic

Chemical = chemical

Example: Coquina has seashells in it (organic- bio) and reacts with HCl (Chemical)

Boulder

Cobble

Pebble

Gravel

Sand

Silt

Clay

Carbonates = (calcite and colomite)

(Calcium Carbonate)

Limestone

Dolostone

Hematite

Limonite

Siderite

Salt (Halite)

Sylvite

Gypsum

Anhedrite

G = water

An = no water

Chert (flinstone)

(Silica)

Quartz

Opal

Chalcedony

Oil

Gas

Coal

From word metamorphism

Changing from one rock to another

Heat

Pressure

Fluids

200-600 to make met

800 = max then melt

Hydrostatic

Shear

Causes re-crystallization and porosity change

like turning on faucet

Mostly water

Makes metamorphism easier and faster

When wet- melting point of minerals goes down

Solid 

State

Sed

Ig

Met

Recrystallization

Mineral change (produce new mineral)

Foliation- classified based on presence or absence of foliation

Slate

Schist

Gneiss

Phyllite

Marble

Quartzite

Hornfels

Rock structure

Rock composition

Flat

Tilted

Folded

Faulted

Rocks

Water

Dendritic

Trellis

Radial- Dome

Radial- Basin

Rectangular

Flat rocks

Homogenous (one rock type on surface of land)

Tilted rocks

Heterogeneous (many types of rocks on surface)

MUST HAVE VOLCANO

Water goes out, rolls down from dome

MUST HAVE VOLCANO

Water goes in, rolls into basin

Form only on carbonates (chem sed rocks): Limestone and Dolostone

Rolls around fractuers of the stone

Surface process or few meters to few hundred below surface as long as have:

Water

Heat

Air/gases

Physical/Mechanical

Chemical

• Frost/wedging action- freezing/thawing of water promotes disintegration
• Unloading/exfol/sheeting- pressure off rocks causes exfol of ig and met rocks at surface
• Thermal Expansion- Alternate expansion/contraction due to heating/cooling (like frost/wedging action)
• Biological/Biotic activity- Disintegration resulting from plants/animals (like frost/wedging action)

Pressure

Wind

Man and animals

Breaks down rock components and internal structrues of minerals

involves compositional change of minerals

involves change in mineral appearance because minerals = different color/shape/hardness

FASTEST in hot, humind environments

Dissolution/solution

Oxidation

Hydrolysis

Carbonation

Aided by small amount of acid in water

(sugar in water/salt in water)

Carbonic acid formed in water H₂O and CO₂

Mg and Fe bearing minerals like basalt

decomposes ferromagnesian minerals (olivine and pyroxene)

Red rock = oxidation

The reaction of any substance with water (same as dissolution)

Always leftover residue that did not dissolve in water

On carbonates only- Limestone and Dolostone

Same as dissolution except dissolution = on any rock/mineral

Caves = product of carbonation

CO₂ dissolves limestone over time

Water

CO₂

Organic acid found in soil- humic/fulvic

Oxygen

Work

Together

More mechanical- more chemical

H = Range

G = grave/down

Surface

Area

Rock characteristics

Climate

Soft/Hard

Fine/Coarse

Thick/Thin

Permeability (how fast water travels)

Position of ground water table (shallow/deep)

Felief of land (up and down of land)

Composition of rock (types of minerals in rock)

macro/micro fauna (fossils) and flora (plants)

Exposure- surface area exposed

Warm

Moist

Ex- tropics