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Gentics-- Science!!
OMG!!!!
37
Science
7th Grade
12/21/2011

Additional Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Homozygous
Definition

 

THE SAME (ex: dd or DD)

 

Term
Heterozygous
Definition
DIFFERENT (ex: Dd or Ff)
Term
Genes
Definition
sets of instructions (one from each parent), found on alleles
Term
Dominant Gene
Definition

 

Always the capital letter --- covers up recessive gene

 

(ex: D or F)

 

Term
Recessive Gene
Definition

 

Always the lower case letter—weaker of the two genes (ex: d or f)

 

 

 

Term
Genotype
Definition

 

Genotype refers to the combination of letters (ex: Dd or Ff)

 

Term
Phenotype
Definition
Phenotype refers to the physical characteristics of the gene (ex: white, tall, no dimples)
Term
Sex cells
Definition
from females and sperm from males
Term
Hybrid
Definition

 

produced through cross-breeding  could be a blend of two dominant letters or a dominant an recessive letter

 

(ex: white flower with red flower (WR) or Dd)

 

 

 

Term
Purebred
Definition

 

pure, two of the SAME species (ex: white flower with white flower (WW, or ww))

 

Term
Punnett Square
Definition

 

- a tool used for tracing a genetic trait through generations of a family

 

 

 

Term
Incomplete Dominance
Definition

 

two dominant alleles, has TWO capital letters (ex: DF, or BW) and creates a blend of the two traits.. blue+red= purple

 

Term
Allele
Definition

 

-the combination of the genes you get from each of your parents for one specific trait… one from mom and one from dad.  Can both be dominant, recessive, or one of each… alleles make up the genotype

 

Term
Heredity
Definition

 

the passing of traits from parent to offspring (ex: eye color)

 

 

 

Term
genetics
Definition
study of heredity (passing of traits from parent to offspring)
Term
chromosome
Definition
a coiled structure of DNA and protein that forms in the cell nucleus during cell division, human sex cells have 23 chromosomes
Term
Gene
Definition

 

parts of DNA that carry hereditary instructions and are passed from parent to offspring, located ON chromosomes (ex: you have brown eyes because your mom and dad have brown eyes)

 

 

 

Term
Self pollinating
Definition

 

-  pollen from the flower (male part) fertilizes that same plants eggs (female part)

 

Term
Cross pollinating
Definition

 

contains ONE male or female reproductive structure)

Pollen (male part) from one plant is used to fertilize

Term
Mutation
Definition
occurs when there is a change in the order of bases in an organism’s DNA. There are THREE (3) types of mutations
Term
DELETION
Definition
when a base is left out
Term
INSERTION
Definition
when an extra base is added
Term
SUBSTITUTION
Definition

1)    when an incorrect base replaces a correct base

Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
sickle cell anemia – there is a change in the order of bases in a person’s DNA
Term
Mutagen
Definition

 

anything that can cause a mutation in DNA (examples include chemicals found in cigarette smoke and asbestos)

 

 

 

Term
Probability
Definition

 

the chance that an event will occur, there is a 50% (1/2) chance of inheriting a certain genotype.

 

 

 

Term
Rosalind Franklin
Definition

 

 

an X-Ray picture of DNA, and said it had a spiral shape

Term
Sutton
Definition

 

discovered that genes are located on chromosomes

 

Term
Chargaff
Definition
found that the amount of adenine (A) in DNA always equals the amount of thymine (T), and the amount of guanine (G) always equals the amount of cytosine (C).
Term
Gregor Mendel
Definition

 studied traits in pea plants and how they were passed from parent to offspring, noticed that recessive traits seemed to disappear, known as the father of genetics

Term
How is genetic engineering different than mutations
Definition

 

)? Genetic engineering: done on PURPOSE—the manipulation of genes that allows scientist to put genes from one organism into another organism. Mutations: ACCIDENT—not meant to happen—occurs when there is a change that cannot be controlled.

 

Term
how is genetic engineering currently being used
Definition

·        Genetically alter plants

·        Repair damaged genes

·        Manufacture proteins

Term
What are the four bases?
Definition

 

adenine (A) -thymine (T)

 

guanine (G)- cytosine (C)

 

Term
What are the sides of DNA made of
Definition
sugar phosphates
Term
What shape is DNA
Definition

 

Double helix (spiral shape)

 

Term
What is a nucleotide
Definition

 

It is made up of a sugar/phosphate unit and one base

 

Term
between mitosis and meiosis
Definition

 

                 Mitosis

                Meiosis

Divides one time

Divides two times

Makes two cells

Makes 4 cells

Done with normal cells

Done with sex cells

Full amount of chromosomes at end of mitosis

Half the amount of chromosomes at end of meiosis

 

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