Term
| Mendels original hypothesis was that |
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Definition
| each characteristic was passed down from previous generations on particular units of inheritance |
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Term
| Mendels principal of independant assortment |
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Definition
| Alleles at different genes assort independantly of each other during germ cell formation resulting in 9.3.3.1 ratio of phenotypes in the progeny from a dihybrid cross |
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Term
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Definition
| Production of an intermediate phenotype |
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Term
| Chromosome division cycle |
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Definition
Interphase G1 - gap phase
S - chromosome duplication
G2 - gap phase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
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Term
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Definition
| All chromosomes apart from x and y |
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Term
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Definition
| Many threaded giant chromosomes, cannot divide, found in dipteran salivary glands |
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Term
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Definition
| A single, giant extended chromosome, found in oocytes |
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Term
| Crossing over in meiosis occurs |
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Definition
| during the first division |
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Term
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Definition
Leptotene - chromosomes shorten
Zygotene - shortening continues, chromosomes start to pair
Pachytene - chromosomes joined and organised
Diplotene - chromosomes held at certain junctions, crossing over occurs
Diakinesis - chromosomes finish shortening |
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Term
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Definition
| two non-sister chromatids breaking and rejoining |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| during metaphase, cohesiveness between sister chromatids... leading to... |
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Definition
| decreases, unravelling chiasma |
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Term
| Full separation of chiasma occurs in... |
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Definition
| Anaphase, where the chromatids pull apart |
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Term
| If chiasma do not disjoin, it can lead to... |
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Definition
| chromosomal abnormalities |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine and guamine (two carbon rings) |
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Term
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Definition
| Thymine and cytosine (one carbon ring) |
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Term
| Genes that dont encode proteins encode... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| AUG, ATG, code for methionine |
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Term
| Replacement of one base with another is termed a |
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Definition
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Term
| A nucleotide substition that causes a change in amino acid sequence it is |
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Definition
| a missense mutation or an amino acid substitution |
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Term
| A change that creates a stop codon is a |
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Definition
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Term
| A change that results in the same amino acid is a |
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Definition
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Term
| The standard working copy of a gene is the |
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Definition
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Term
| In enzymes the wild type is normally |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| two recessive genes encoding the alpha subunit of hexa |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pleiotropic diseases affect |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| feeding problems, blindness, deafness, paralysis, death at 3 or 4 yrs |
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Term
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Definition
| gm2 builds up within nerve cells, it is toxic |
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Term
| Late onset Tay-sachs is caused by... |
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Definition
| a rare allele that causes a low level of enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| one normal copy of a gene does not code for enough protein for normal cellular proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| Just enough protein for normal cellular [processes |
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Term
| Rubinstein-taybi syndrome |
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Definition
| autosomal dominant condition, normally a new mutation, causes retardation and misformation |
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Term
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Definition
| not carried on a sex chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| Affects type 1 collagen, dominant, can either code for abnormal collagen or not enough normal colllagen |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits conversion of cartilage to bone |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene that hides the effect of another gene |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene that is hidden by another gene |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing two mutants to produce the wild type |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability that an individual with an appropriate genotype will show a change in phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| degree of phenotypic change produced by a genotype |
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Term
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Definition
autosomal
lack of coordination, mood swings, tremors, depression, difficulty walking and concentrating |
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Term
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Definition
| genes close together are likely to be inherited, or not, together |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When one cross over prevents further cross overs in the same region |
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Term
| Human genome project cost... |
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Definition
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Term
| Genes can create multiple... how? |
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Definition
| proteins, by splicing exons together a different way, with a different promoter, or missing an exon |
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Term
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Definition
| Two or more allelic types exist within a population |
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Term
| Restriction map variation using southern blotting |
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Definition
| Bind labelled DNA of specific gene to southern blot. If it binds to the other single stranded piece of DNA, the gene is present |
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Term
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Definition
| Large DNA molecules move slower |
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Term
| Most mutations that survive are... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence in members of a population of combinations of linked genes in non-random proportions. |
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Term
| Assumptions of hardy-weinburg |
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Definition
Random mating
no selection
no mutation
infinite population |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of random mating leading to an excess of homozygotes |
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Term
| Genetic drift brings about the loss of |
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Definition
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Term
| Neutral variation is likely to be high in |
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Definition
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Term
| What drives selection quickest if nothing dramatic changes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Frequency-dependent selection |
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Definition
| is the term given to an evolutionary process where the fitness of a phenotype depends on its frequency relative to other phenotypes in a given population. |
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Term
Monozygotic twins
Dizygotic twins |
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Definition
Genetically identical
Share half the genes (if the same sex) |
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Term
| A to C and G to T substitutions? |
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Definition
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Term
| A to G and C to T substitutions |
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Definition
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Term
| Which are more common, transversion or transitions |
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Definition
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Term
| The neutral theory of evolution states... |
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Definition
| the majority of mutations are neutral or nearly neutral |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple mutations of the same base |
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Term
| As divergence increase... |
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Definition
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Term
| Phylogenetic trees can be built from... |
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Definition
| morpholog, immunoligical distances, sequence data |
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Term
| Four aspects of a phylogenetic tree |
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Definition
Topology
Branch length
Root
Confidence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Species that occupy a ring around the earth, at the extreme they are two different species, but there are subspecies that interbreed along the ring |
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Term
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Definition
| through geographical isolation |
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Term
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Definition
| through geographical inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| without geographical isolation |
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Term
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Definition
Males = waste of effort
Asexual female can have twice as many daughters as sexual female
Recombination creates and destroys favourable gene combinations |
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Term
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Definition
Males looking after children means more possible children
Recombination creates and destroys favourable gene combinations
Advantages will be passed on more than disadvantages |
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Term
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Definition
| asexual organisms cannot rid themselves of deleterious mutations |
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Term
| A sexually selected trait |
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Definition
| A trait that would be disadvantageous if not for attracting sexual partners |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| As a trait becomes sexually advantageous, it will become more extreme until it becomes detrimental on a net scale (i.e. surviving AND reproducing) |
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Term
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Definition
| survival of the community, and possible (likely) payback later |
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Term
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Definition
More individuals are born than reproduce
Limited resources
Genetic Variation
Most fit survive
Rest die |
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Term
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Definition
| No species exists everywhere, and not everything exists where it should |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Low energy needs
No control over growth
No large land animals |
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Term
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Definition
Independant T control
Optimum performance
High energy costs |
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Term
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Definition
| 10x the nitrogen content of plants |
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Term
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Definition
Easy to find food
Not seasonally constrained |
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Term
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Definition
More efficient
Able to monopolise
Evolve resistances |
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Term
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Definition
Aposematism- warning colouriation
Crypsis- camouflage
Mimicry- copying dangerous species |
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Term
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Definition
small
short lived
early maturity
many small offspring
No parental care
Variable population |
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Term
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Definition
Large
long lived
late maturity
few large offspring
parental care
stable populations |
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Term
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Definition
Annuals-temperate, reproduce at once, die over winter -semelparity
Perennials- Breed every season, long lifespan -iteroparity |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
5.9b vegetarians
3.9b with 15% calories from animals
2.9b with 25% |
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Term
| How much of aquatic NPP goes to fisheries |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of terrestrial NPP goes to humans? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Hunting
Habitat Loss
Invasive species
Chains of extinction |
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