Term
| what is the basic unit of heredity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An allele is an alternative form of a gene (one member of a pair) that is located at a specific position on a specific chromosome. |
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Term
| what did Mendel experiment with |
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Definition
| a garden pea by perform genetic crosses |
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Term
| what are the four postulates of Mendel |
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Definition
| 1genes exsist in alternative forms: alleles….2an organism as two alleles, one from each parent...3the two different alleles segregate during meosis….4only one of two different alleles will be expressed (dominant), the other will be silent(recessive). There are homozygous and heterozygous setss aka Mendel;s Law of Dominance |
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Term
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Definition
| studying only one trait in medellian genetics |
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Term
| how to find offspring with dominant phenotype |
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Definition
| use Punnette square, as dominant is Ax (one for x=A and another x=a) |
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Term
| what is required for dihybrid cross |
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Definition
| the two different traits must be from different chromosomes |
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Term
| what happens when you self dihybrid cross a heterozygte |
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Definition
| you get different results 9:3:3:1 |
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Term
| why is medelen genetics not so perfect |
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Definition
| because blends happen when you have heterozygous |
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Term
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Definition
| when there are two or more types of dominant genes (like blood A, B and o)(AB is when two different dominants) |
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Term
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Definition
| two different alleles X recessive, Y dominant XX + XY |
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Term
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Definition
| when a recessive gene can only be passed by a carrier in between a grandfather and a father |
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Term
| what is the ideal species to do genetic research |
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Definition
| fruit fly: reproduces often, large # of offspring, easy to read chromosome, few chromosome, often mutations |
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Term
| how is the enviroment a factor into genetics |
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Definition
| the enviroment changes the phenotype but the genotype stays the same |
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Term
| how can there be genetic problems |
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Definition
| nondisjunction: when a homologous chromosome fails to replicate in meosis at one point resulting in n+/-1 gametes (down syndrome ex)……….breakage of chromosomes(missing parts) from mutations or xrays……mutation |
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Term
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Definition
| at somatic cells resulting in a tumor |
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Term
| what are the mutagenic agents |
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Definition
| ___ rays, colchicine(chemical that inhibits spindle fibers), mustard gas, and carcingenic agents |
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Term
| what are the types of mutations |
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Definition
| added, delelted, substituted during transcription and translation |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenylketonuria(can't produce enzyme to break down Ph-alanine) AND Sickle cell (RBC's mishaped and can’t carry much oxygen due to diffeent amino acid formation) |
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Term
| which of the base pairs of dna are purine, which are pyridine |
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Definition
| CUT is pyrimindine, AG is purine |
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Term
| how is the nitrogen base of the dna structured |
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Definition
| nitrogen base is attched to sugar which is attached to phosphate |
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Term
| what is the sugar from the DNA |
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Definition
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Term
| how many codons can be formed and how many amino acids can be formed |
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Definition
| 64 codons and 20 amino acids due to DEGENERACY/REDUNDANCY |
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Term
| what pair replaces what in transcription |
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Definition
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Term
| mRNA, what does it do, where does it come from |
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Definition
| formed from transcription which moves to the ribosome to get translated…carries the sense codons which is portionally to amino acid code |
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Term
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Definition
| for translation the tRNA carries the antisense which carries amino acids (the tRNA sequence is anti portional to Amino Acid Code) |
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Term
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Definition
| ribosome is made up of rRNA, which is made in the nucleolous |
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Term
| what adds on the complementary RNA strand to the DNA strand |
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Definition
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Term
| in what direction is the RNA synthesized, DNA synthezied, translation occuring in |
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Definition
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Term
| what is in between the tRNA sequence and the amino acid |
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Definition
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase |
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Term
| what are the ribosome binding site |
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Definition
| small: P(peptidyl-tRNA binding site binds to peptide chain part of tRNA) and A(aminoacyl-tRNA binding site attaches to the incoming aminoacyl -tRNA) |
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Term
| what is the structure of ribosomes |
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Definition
| two parts: small(bottom) and large(top) both of them only connect during translation -made up of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| terminination/nonsense codons |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the first amino acid for euk |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA connects (via H bond) to the A (incoming) site during translation |
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Term
| what happens after elognation during translation |
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Definition
| a peptide bond is formed in between the amino acids followed by translocation |
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Term
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Definition
| when the cycle of translation repeats by removing an tRNA and moving the ribosome across the mRNA so a new aminoacyl-tRNA complex can come |
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Term
| what structure of translation does the protein make? |
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Definition
| makes it in primary structure |
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Term
| besides the nucleus where is dna found |
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Definition
| at chloroplasts and mitochondria, and for some bacteria plasmids |
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Term
| how can intra/intermolecular bonds form for proteins |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plasmids that can integrate to the bacterial genome |
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Term
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Definition
| bacteria can consume free DNA in the enviroment |
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Term
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Definition
| when the F+ (bacteria with F plasmid) replicate a F and gives it to F- bacteria via conjugation bridge, then the F- becomes F+ or Hfr (when it gets integrated to chromosome) |
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Term
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Definition
| when bacteria transfer dna via viruses, which can lead to cell death |
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Term
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Definition
| when dna of bacteria is rearranged from one strand to another |
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Term
| what are the parts of dna in terms of gene regulation in order |
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Definition
| regulator (creates repressor), promoter(starting point of transcription), operator(deciding factor whether its gonna be repressed), structural(the rest of protein sequence) |
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Term
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Definition
| binds to the repressor so that the repressor will not bind (thus transcription) |
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Term
| what does a corepressor do |
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Definition
| helps the repressor repress. Often the end product of what they control |
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Term
| lytic bacteriophage cycle |
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Definition
| when a bacteriophage injects dna to creat more bacteriophage in bacteria so they can lyse out of cell and kill it |
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Term
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Definition
| when bacteriophage injects dna so it can integrate (and possibly dublicate) before releasing out again |
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Term
| which is the cause of plaques (lytic or lysogenic) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| detection of a specific DNA sequence through gel electrophoresis |
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Term
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Definition
| joins DNA fragments by making phosphodiester bonds in between nucleotide |
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Term
| Polyermase Chain reaction |
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Definition
| amplify genes by denature(heat to make single strand template), annealing(primers + templates), extension (addition of more nucleotide via dNTPs) |
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Term
| how to clone dna in bacteria |
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Definition
| form a recombinant molecule by phage/plasmid dna, and then inject it into another bacteria, which will produce more of the dna |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How is a mutation transfered from parent to offspring |
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Definition
| By having the mutation on the sex chromosome/ |
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Term
| Which chromosome is down syndrome |
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Definition
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