Term
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Definition
| Deoxyribonucleic acid. Structure: sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate, base - ATCG. Double stranded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ribonucleic acid. Structure: sugar (ribose), phosphate, base - AUCG. Single or double stranded. |
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Term
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Definition
| Proteins that hold together the circular form of the bacterial DNA double helix. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that breaks DNA strand, winding it around, to form super coiled bacterial chromosome. I breaks one strand, II breaks two strands. |
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Term
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Definition
| Small, circular DNA that easily passes from one living cell to another. Used for virulence factors, strange carbohydrates, and viral resistance. Useful in the vector process. |
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Term
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Definition
| H1, H2A, H2B, H3, H4: proteins used as a protein core in eukaryotic tertiary DNA structure. H1 holds it in place, the others form an octomer core around which the DNA is wrapped. |
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Term
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Definition
| Units of DNA and histone proteins in eukaryotic tertiary structure. |
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Term
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Definition
| About 10 base pairs per turn, turn right/clockwise. |
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Term
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Definition
| About 12 bp per turn, turns left/counter-clockwise. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heavily compacted regions of DNA (heavy stain). |
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Term
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Definition
| Less compacted regions of DNA (lighter stain). |
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Term
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Definition
| Portions of DNA that are always "turned on," must be on for all cells to survive. |
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Term
| Facultative euchromatin and heterochromatin |
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Definition
| Areas of DNA "turned on" at different times or in different cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autonomously replicating sequence. Contains the origin of replication in the yeast genome. |
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Term
| Moderately repetitive DNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences that are repeated in a row. Eg: ATCGATCGATCGATCG |
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Term
| Interspersed repetitions of DNA |
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Definition
| Repetitions with non-repetitive sequence breaks. Eg: AGTC.....AGCTACGTAGCT....AGCT |
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Term
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Definition
| Short interspersed sequences of DNA: 100-400 bp. |
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Term
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Definition
| Long interspersed sequences of DNA: 1000-7000bp. |
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Term
| Semi-conservative model of DNA Replication |
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Definition
| The accepted model of DNA replication, where one strand serves as a template for the replication of another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method used to separate strands out in determining the accepted model of DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Origin of DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme in DNA replication that serves to unwind the tension in the two strands as they are pulled apart. |
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Term
| Single stranded binding proteins (SSB's) |
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Definition
| Proteins that serve to stabilize the strand of DNA after it is separated from its sister strand in DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to tether DNA polymerase III to the primer in DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| The area in which DNA replication is occurring, where the strands are separated. |
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Term
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Definition
| The exact area of the DNA strand where replication is occurring at any given moment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pieces produced during the process of DNA replication on the lagging strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme responsible for separating strands of DNA in replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme responsible for synthesizing a short RNA primer in the 5' to 3' direction in order for DNA replication to occur. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uses the RNA primer synthesized by DNA primase to begin synthesizing a new strand of DNA in the replication process. Also has an editing function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA during replication. Also has an editing function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds together Okazaki fragments along the lagging strand in DNA replication. |
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Term
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Definition
| Methylates (identifies) the original strand to aid in the editing functions of DNA polymerase I and II. |
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Term
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Definition
| The end portion of a chromosome in eukaryotes. Protects the chromosome from degrading as a result of nucleases in the cell. Also acts as an age clock for the cell; each time the cell divides, it gets shorter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme within the cell that degrade DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein-RNA complex enzyme responsible for the elongation and replication of DNA at the telomeres of the chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which DNA is synthesized from and RNA template. |
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Term
| Dideoxyribonucleotides; ddA, ddT, ddC, ddG |
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Definition
| Nucleotides lacking the OH on the 3' end, serve to prevent new nucleotides from being added to the DNA. Used in DNA sequencing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process that uses voltage, resulting in items moving through gel based on the separation of charge and size due to pores in the gel. |
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Term
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Definition
| First to show that genes could be involved in the production of enzymes, using Neurospora. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutants that have one ability that the other does not. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which DNA is converted into RNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally introns are removed, but not always, producing completely different proteins in the transcription process. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Full DNA (or RNA) sequence of an organism or virus |
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Term
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Definition
| Adenine and guanine nucleotide bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cytosine and Uracil (in RNA) or Thymine (in DNA) nucleotide bases. |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific nucleotide sequences that describe the traits passed on from parent to offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Structures in which genetic material is organized within the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alternative versions of genes that account for variation in inherited traits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Identical alleles for a trait (eg: YY or yy) |
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Term
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Definition
| Two different alleles for a gene, or gene only present in one type, eg: Yy |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete genetic makeup of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| All observable properties an organism has. Result of the interaction between the genotype and the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which a gene produces its product and the product carries out its function |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which mRNA is converted into proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Heritable alteration in genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| Exchange of genetic material between chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of RNA produced during transcription, before the RNA is mature and sent into the cytoplasm as mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Start codon on mRNA for translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brings in amino acids during translation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A completely different protein is made during translation as a result of which AUG is used as the start codon. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Most prevalent genotype in the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Less frequent genotype in the population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations that occur by changing one base in a gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations that occur changing the number of chromosomes or rearranging chromosomes. |
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Term
| Transition point mutation |
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Definition
| Type of mutation where the base change in the gene does not effect the amino acid that is produced. Eg: Pyr (C/T) -> Pyr (T/C) |
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Term
| Transversion point mutation |
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Definition
| A type of mutation where the change in nucleotide base does effect the amino acid that is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that changes the amino acid in the polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of mutation where the codon change results in a stop codon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that results in no change in polypeptide function, but does have a change in amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that results in the production of the same amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations that occur by adding or deleting nucleotides, shifting the reading frame. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of frameshift mutation in which one or more nucleotides are deleted. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation within a mutation that causes the original mutation to not be functional. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations that occur naturally, accidentally. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations caused by chemical mutagens, x-rays, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that results in a less active protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that results in a more active protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutation that results in the production of a novel protein (a protein the organism has never seen before) |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations that are temperature sensitive |
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Term
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Definition
| Sequences of DNA that can move around to different positions within the genome of the cell. Originally discovered by McClintock. |
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Term
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Definition
| Define the boundary of a transposon. |
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Term
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Definition
| A transposon with an RNA intermediate |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA molecule from one organism recombined with DNA from another organism, used to clone DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that cuts DNA, useful in genomics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Something used to transfer DNA sequences from one organism to another. |
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Term
| Three important properties of a vector |
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Definition
| (1) Selectable marker, (2) origin of replication, (3) cloning site (restriction enzyme site) |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced when a restriction enzyme evenly cuts DNA strands. Harder to ligate together. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produced when a restriction enzyme cuts DNA strands unevenly. Useful in genomics because easy to ligate back together. |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA virus that infects bacterial cells that can be used as a vextor. |
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Term
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Definition
| A way of organizing the genome in terms of vectors. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complementary, or copy, DNA. Produced from mRNA via reverse transcriptase. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specific base pair sequence recognized by restriction endonucleases, where the DNA is cleaved. Usually have birotational symmetry. |
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Term
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Definition
| Yeast artificial chromosome - cloning vectors that enable artificial chromosomes to be made and cloned in yeast cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of clones of DNA copies of mRNA isolated from cells. Useful in terms of determining mRNA being produced at a specific time in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Half of the genotype. One from mom and one from dad. |
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Term
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Definition
| Single Nucleotide Polymorphism. Occurs about every 1000 base pairs, caused by point mutations. Patterns of these is populations are characteristic of certain diseases or phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| Technique in which single-stranded cDNA or DNA is placed on a gel, and unknown sequences are added to see where they line up. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar sequences in different organisms. Used to help determine gene function. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replacing a gene with a nonsense gene, used to determine gene function |
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Term
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Definition
| Micro RNA - small RNA molecules can regulate gene function by repressing translation. not knocking out, but slowing down. |
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Term
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Definition
| Similar to a micro array, but uses an antibody to look for specific proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Capable of masking the effect of the other (recessive) allele. P. |
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Term
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Definition
| Capable of being masked by the other (dominant) allele. p. |
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Term
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Definition
| A method of finding a gene, by looking for a transposon that jumps into that gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of running DNA on a gel and probing it with another piece of DNA or cDNA, used to detect a particular sequence of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of running RNA on a gel membrane and probing it with cDNA or DNA. Allows you to see differences in size and abundance of mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which proteins are placed on a membrane and probed with antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis. Used to determine the genetic makeup of a child after in-vitro fertilization. |
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Term
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Definition
| mRNA -> cDNA -> dsDNA via PCR. Used to measure how much DNA is being made over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecule used in real-time PCR that fluoresces when it binds to double-stranded DNA. The amount of light expelled is proportional to how many DNA molecules are being produced |
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Term
| Protein-protein interaction |
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Definition
| Process used to see how one protein interacts with another |
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Term
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Definition
| Short Tandem Repeat - 2-6 bp in length |
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Term
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Definition
| Variable tandem repeat - 7-20bp in length |
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Term
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Definition
| Take an animal and produce a human protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Mendelian genetics, crossing an individual with a homozygous recessive individual |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Genes along the same chromosome that are dependent on each other |
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Term
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Definition
| Placement of a gene on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| A field involving biology, computer science, math, and stats to analyze biological sequence data, genome content, and arrangement, and to predict the function and structure of macromolecules |
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Term
| Self-fertilization (selfing) |
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Definition
| The plant fertilizes itself (has both male and female parts) |
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Term
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Definition
| Trait under investigation remains unchanged from parent to offspring for many generations. |
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Term
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Definition
| In Mendelian genetics, a single trait cross (Pp) |
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Term
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Definition
| In Mendelian genetics, crossing two traits (PpSS) |
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Term
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Definition
| Two copies of each type of chromosome within the nuclei. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two haploid (1N) gametes produce this diploid (2N) cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Members of a chromosome pair that contain the same genes and pair during meiosis. |
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Term
| Sex chromosomes (X and Y) |
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Definition
| Chromosomes that are represented differently in the two sexes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Constriction along the length of the chromosome, important in cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| The process during which one somatic cell (2N) divides, producing two 2N cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis - DNA replicates during interphase. |
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Term
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Definition
| When one or more chromosomes fail to separate during mitosis or meiosis. Eg: 2N -> 2N+1 and 2N-1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Visible area where chromosomes cross each other. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually occurs during the prophase of meiosis, can also occur during mitosis. DNA from one sister chromatid crosses over and combines with DNA on the other sister chromatid. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme responsible for the recombination in mitosis and meiosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| When eggs are produced in female meiosis, there is unequal division, producing these which do not survive through the entire process. |
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Term
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Definition
| Different arrangements by which chromosomes can be lined up during meiosis. Accounts for some of the variability from one generation to the next. |
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Term
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Definition
| Having only one set of chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Triploid = 3N, Tetraploid = 4N |
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Term
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Definition
| Having only one X. Results in an infertile female, web-neck and fingers, learning disabilities, inability to somersault. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual having XXY sex chromosomes. Results in males with learning disabilities, small breasts, underdeveloped testes (but not sterile) |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual having XXY sex chromosomes. Results in large males with pitted faces, sometimes have learning disabilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inactivated, shut down X chromosome in all females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Purpose of the production of barr bodies in females. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene the produces the RNA that wraps around one X chromosome in females, targeting it to shut down and produce a Barr body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process of shutting down one X chromosome to produce a Barr body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neither allele masks the effect of the other. Example: A and B in blood type |
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Term
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Definition
| More than one allele for the same phenotypic characteristic. Example: A, B, and O in blood type. |
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Term
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Definition
| Example: RR -> red flowers, Rr -> pink flowers, rr -> white flowers |
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Term
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Definition
| Half of the copies are not sufficient to give the phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| A gene mutation that causes premature death in heterozygotes if dominant, and in homozygotes if recessive. |
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Term
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Definition
| How often a gene results in the characteristic it is said to code for in a population, based on exposure to environmental factors. Example: Breast cancer, BRCAI is 98% penetrant. |
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Term
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Definition
| Level of gene expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits that are limited to one sex or the other. Both sexes have genes for these traits on autosomes, but whether or not they are expressed depends on sex. Examples: breat development, facial hair. |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits that are coded for by genes on the X or Y chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| The expression of the genes that code for these traits is influenced by sex. Example: patterned baldness. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genes that are already expressed by the mother in the egg when the offspring is produced. |
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Term
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Definition
| Shut down regions of chromosomes that can depend on which parent the individual inherited the gene from. The parent producing the chromosome can methylate an area of the chromosome to turn off genes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gene 1 is _____ to gene 2 if it masks the effect of gene 2. Gene 2 is then said to be ______ to gene 1. |
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Term
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Definition
| 12:3:1 ratio resulting from gene interaction along a single pathway. |
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Term
| Duplicate recessive epistasis |
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Definition
| 9:7 ratio resulting from gene interaction along a single pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| 9:3:4 ratio resulting from gene interaction along a single pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Traits passed on from the mitochondria of the mother to all progeny. Eg: poky in Neurospora. |
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Term
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Definition
| Procedure to determine the order of genes along a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Look for this when looking for a gene. Must have: unique amino acid sequence of particular length with promoter and enhancer, terminating sequence, stop codon, poly-A tail. |
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Term
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Definition
| Variation in chromosome arrangement that changes what is next to what. |
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