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| The scientific study of heredity. Study of how traits and diseases are passed from generation to generation. |
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| A helical molecule consisting of two strands of nucleotides that is the primary carrier of genetic information. |
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| The sequence of nucleotides that encodes the information for amino acids in a polypeptide chain. |
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| Any observable property of an organism. |
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| The branch of genetics concerned with the mechanisms by which genes are transferred from parent to offspring. |
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| The construction of family trees and their use to follow the transmission of genetics traits in families. It is the basic method of studying the inheritance of traits in humans. |
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| The branch of genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of genes and chromosomes by using the techniques of microscopy. |
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| A complete set of chromosomes from a cell that has been photographed during cell division and arranged in a standard sequence. |
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| The study of genetic events at the biochemical level. |
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| Recombinant DNA Technology |
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| A series of techniques in which DNA fragments are linked to self-replicating vectors to create recombinant DNA molecules, which are replicated in a host cell. |
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| Procedure in which normal genes are transplanted into humans carrying defective copies as a means of treating genetic disorder. |
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| The branch of genetics that studies inherited variation in populations of individuals and the forces that alter gene frequency. |
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| The attempt to improve the human species by selective breeding. |
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| The idea that human traits are determined solely by genetic inheritance, ignoring the contribution of the environment. |
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| A bacterial enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sites. |
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| Genetically identical molecules, cells, or organisms all derived from a single ancestor. |
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| The set of genetic information carried in the DNA of an individual. |
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| The study of the organization, function, and evolution of genomes. |
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| Structures composed of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. |
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| Cytoplasmic structures that have a specialized function. |
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| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) |
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Definition
| Network of membranous tubules in the cytoplasm of the cell. Smooth contains no ribosomes and is involved in producing phospholipids and has many different functions in different cells. Rough is studded with ribosomes and is the site of the synthesis of lysosomal enzymes and proteins for extracellular use. |
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| Small particles found in the cytoplasm; made of RNA and protein. They aid in the production of proteins on the RER and ribosome complexes (polysomes). |
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| Membranous organelles composed of a series of flattened sacs. They sort, modify, and package proteins synthesized on the RER. |
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| Membrane-enclosed organelles that contain digestive enzymes. Are the processing centers of the cell. Combines with food vacuoles and digests materials engulfed by cells. |
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| Round or oval body; surrounded by nuclear envelope. Contains the genetic information necessary to control cell structure and function. DNA contains heredity information. |
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| Round or oval body in the nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA. Produces ribosomal RNA. |
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| Membrane-bound vesicles containing proteins produced by the RER and repackaged by the Golgi complex; contain protein hormones or enzymes. They store protein hormones or enzymes in the cytoplasm awaiting a signal for release. |
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| Round, oval, or elongated structures with a double membrane. The inner membrane is extensively folded. They complete the breakdown of glucose, producing ATP. |
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| The DNA and protein components of chromosomes, visible as clumps or threads in nuclei. |
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| The threadlike structures in the nucleus that carry genetic information. |
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| In humans, the X and Y chromosomes that are involved in sex determination. |
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| Chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. In humans, chromosomes 1 to 22 are autosomes. |
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| The fundamental units of heredity. |
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| The sequence of events that takes place between successive mitotic divisions. |
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| The period of time in the cell cycle between mitotic divisions. |
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| Form of cell division that produces two cells, each of which has the same complement of chromosomes as the parent cell. |
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| The process of cytoplasmic division that accompanies cell division. |
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| A stage in mitosis during which the chromosomes become visible and contain sister chromatids joined at the centromere. |
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| One of the strands of a duplicated chromosome, joined by a single centromere to its sister chromatid. |
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| A region of a chromosome to which microtubule fibers attach during cell division. The location of a centromere gives a chromosome its characteristic shape. |
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| Two chromatids joined by a common centromere. Each chromatid carries identical genetic information. |
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| A stage in mitosis during which the chromosomes move and become arranged near the middle of the cell. |
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| A stage in mitosis during which the centromeres split and the daughter chromosomes begin to separate. |
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| The last stage of mitosis, during which the chromosomes of the daughter cells decondense, and the nucleus re-forms. |
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| The process of cell division during which one cycle of chromosomal replication is followed by two successive cell divisions to produce four haploid cells. |
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| The condition in which each chromosome is represented twice as a member of a homologous pair. |
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| The condition in which each chromosome is represented once in an unpaired condition. |
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| Chromosomes that physically associate (pair) during meiosis. Homologous chromosomes have identical gene loci. |
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| The result of meiosis I that puts random combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes into gametes. |
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| Mitotically active cells in the gonads of males that give rise to primary spermatocytes. |
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| The four haploid cells produced by meiotic division of a primary spermatocyte. |
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| Mitotically active cells that produce primary oocytes. |
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| The large cell produced by the first meiotic division. |
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| The haploid cell produced by meiosis that becomes the functional gamete. |
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| Cells produced in the first or second meiotic division in female meiosis that contain little cytoplasm and will not function as gametes. |
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| The trait unexpressed in the F1 but reexpressed in some members of the F2 generation. |
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| The trait expressed in the F1 (or heterozygous) condition. |
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| The observable properties of an organism. |
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| The specific genetic constitution of an organism. |
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| The separation of members of a gene pair from each other during gamete formation. |
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| One of the possible alternative forms of a gene, usually distinguished from other alleles by its phenotypic effects. |
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| Having identical alleles for one of more genes. |
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| Carrying two different alleles for one or more genes. |
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| The random distribution of alleles into gametes during meiosis. |
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| The position occupied by a gene on a chromosome. |
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| Use of family history to determine how a trait is inherited and estimate risk factors for family members. |
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| A diagram listing the members and ancestral relationships in a family; used in the study of human heredity. |
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| First affected family member who seeks medical attention for a genetic disorder. |
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| Expression of a phenotype that is intermediate to those of the parents. |
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| Full phenotypic expression of both members of a gene pair in the heterozygous condition. |
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| Genes that have more than two alleles. |
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| A form of gene interaction in which one gene prevents or masks the expression of a second gene. |
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