Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes are linear arrays of genes that hold genetic info |
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Term
How do we clone genes? (What are the basic steps?) |
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Definition
1. Isolate DNA in a sequence from an organism 2. Join it to a vector (a vector is a replicatable peice of DNA) |
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Term
| What was the first organism to have all of its genes sequenced? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| all the genetic material in an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| organism with functioning foreign genes |
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Term
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Definition
| derived from somatic nucleus of another individual but is genetically identical to the parent |
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Term
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Definition
| analysis of DNA content and gene organization in and betwen organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| study of all the proteins expressed by and individual or organism |
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Term
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Definition
| genes, mutations and phenotypes. arrangement of genes on a chromosomes and their transmission to children through meiosis. also it deals with mutations and patterns of inheritance. |
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Term
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Definition
| alternate forms of a gene |
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Term
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Definition
| meaning an adult organism has two copies of each gene (these are the homologs) |
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Term
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Definition
Law of Segregation
Law of Independant assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| two alleles separate randomly from eachother during gamete formation. each gamete has an equal chance of getting each allele. |
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Term
| Law of Independant Assortment |
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Definition
| the alleles of different genes sort independantly of eachother into gametes. genes governing two traits behave independantly. |
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Term
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Definition
| representation of all the chromosomes in an individual |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of chromosomes and their organization in karyotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the the structure, replication and expression of the genetics material and of the expressed protein. |
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Term
| what is the basic process of DNA replication |
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Definition
1. double helix "unzips"
2. each half acts as a template for a new strand
3. results in two strands just like the first |
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Term
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Definition
| Thymine, guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| flow of genetic material (DNA replication, transcription and translation) |
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Term
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Definition
| enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences to make DNA fragments with ends that can easily be added to |
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Term
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Definition
| small circular extrachromosomal DNA units found in bacteria |
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Term
| what is the basic process of cloning a simple cell? |
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Definition
| put the nucleus of some somatic cell in to and empty egg cell |
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Term
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Definition
| study of an organisms complete DNA and RNA organizing and expressing genes |
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Term
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Definition
| study of transcribed genes and how their expression changes in response to different stimuli |
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Term
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Definition
| combining Darwin's thoughts with population genetics |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| baseline model for populations not effected by outside variables. we can compare it to intersting pattering in other populations and their allelic frequencies |
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Term
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Definition
| evolution occurs in quick spurts |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that social behavior is under genetic control |
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Term
| What are the two different pathways of dealing with disease using genetics? |
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Definition
1. Inserting normal genes into somatics cells of someone missing a gene
2. Dealing with diseases that are a result of many genes--difficult |
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Term
| What diseases may have hope by inserting cells with their missing gene? |
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Definition
cystic fibrosis
duchennes md
hemophelia |
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Term
| What are some problems with gene therapy? |
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Definition
People die--duh!
When using somatic cell you can't cure things wrong with the sex chromosomes
sometimes the virus used to insert the missing gene causes DEATH--oops |
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Term
| What are the main groups of prokaryotes and why are they different than eukaryotes? |
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Definition
bacteria and cyanobacteria
they have no membrane bound nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| place for lipid production and some protein translation |
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Term
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Definition
| works with ER to modify proteins |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| location of photosynthesis. sun converts CO2 and H2O to sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| made of two cylinders called centrioles. they organize microtubules |
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Term
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Definition
| dynamic protein polymers made of a and b tubulin. |
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Term
| how do microtubules grow? |
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Definition
| they are polarized. the + end is for growing and retractive. the - end is fixed to the centrosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| made of microtubules that attach to chromosome during the early stages of mitosis and meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two states of chromatin? |
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Definition
euchromatin: loosely packed
heterochromatin: condensed and organized |
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Term
| centromere and its components |
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Definition
| "waist" of the chromosome. covered by the kinetochore which is the protein structure where microtubules attach |
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Term
| what are the classifications of centromere locale? |
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Definition
1. metacentric: middle
2. telocentric: at the very end
3. acrocentric: near one end
4. submetacentric: between middle and near end |
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Term
| what are the classifications of arms of chromosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
23 pairs (2 copies of each)
2n=46 organism |
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Term
| what are the different types of chromosome pairs in sexes? |
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Definition
homomorphic chromosome pairs (XX)
heteromorphic chromosome pairs (XY)
homogametic v heterogametic sex |
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Term
| what are the 4 MAIN parts of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
1. gap 1 (G1)
2. DNA replication (S)
3. gap 2 (G2)
4. mitosis (M) |
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Term
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Definition
| the time when a cell is NOT dividing |
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Term
| What is gap 0 (G0) stage? |
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Definition
| stage of NO growth or prep for division. neurons are pretty much all in G0. |
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Term
| generally speaking, how does cancer occur in cells? |
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Definition
| proliferation: when cells bypass G0 and perpetually reproduce. leads to tumors |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a protein that transfers phosphate group to amino acid |
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Term
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Definition
| combined they make the MPF. Cyclin B changes its concentration in the cell and CDC2 is a kinase |
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Term
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Definition
| cyclin dependant kinase. CDC2 is one of these. |
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Term
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Definition
| anaphase promotion complex: aka cyclosome that breaks down MPF |
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Term
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Definition
| protein complexes that oversee the checkpoints. most of them use CDK's |
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Term
| What are the three big check points? |
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Definition
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Term
| Decribe what the G1/S checkpoint looks for and what it allows the cell to do if everything is A-O-K. |
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Definition
| a cell that is big enough and has decent DNA will inhibit the transcription process and prep the DNA to replicate. |
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Term
| What does the G2/M checkpoint look for and how does it do it? |
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Definition
| evaluates whethe DNA replication is completed and done properly. This checkpoint uses MPF. |
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Term
| What happens during the M checkpoint? |
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Definition
| the M checkpoint moniters whether spindle fibers are properly assembled and attached to the kinetochores. |
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Term
| What happens when a checkpoint sees something wrong? |
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Definition
1. fixes it
2. suicide aka apoptosis |
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Term
| What is programmed cell death and what regulates it? |
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Definition
| Programmed cell death is also called apoptosis and the p53 protein tells the cell when to kill itself. problems with p53 lead to cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase |
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Term
| what holds sister chromatids together? |
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Definition
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Term
| when do centrosomes double? |
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Definition
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Term
| in what types of cells can meiosis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the phases of prophase 1? |
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Definition
| lepotene stage, zygotene stage, pachytene stage, diplotene stage |
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Term
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Definition
| when chiasmata migrate towards the end of the sister chromatid. |
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Term
| reductional division and its product |
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Definition
| homologs seperate in anaphase 1. the seperated homologs are called dyads |
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Term
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Definition
| the division in mitosis and the second division of meiosis |
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Term
| what does crossing over do for possible outcomes of children? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the process of spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
| spermatogonium cells in testes do mitosis and make primary spermatocytes. primary spermatocytes do meiosis and make secondary spermatocytes during the 1st half of meiosis. at the end of meiosis they become spermatids which mature into spermatazoa. |
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Term
| what is the process of spermiogenesis? |
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Definition
| when the spermatids mature into spermatazoa. |
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Term
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Definition
| offsrping come from unfertilized eggs that never did meiosis (fish) |
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Term
| in lower plants which life cycle is dominant? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the plant that we see. it produces the spores |
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Term
| how do haploid fungi reproduce? |
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Definition
| 2 haploid gametes fuse. they do meiosis to create sexual spores. sex spores do mitosis to produce new offspring. |
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Term
| Who proposed that chromosomes were associated with Mendels idea of genetic unit factors |
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Definition
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Term
| What was Mendels "good luck"? |
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Definition
| He specifically crossed pea plants with singly, non overlapping traits. |
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Term
| what were the characteristics that Mendel studied? |
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Definition
| seed shape, color, pod shape, color, pod location, stem length and flower color. |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing progeny with a parent or individual w/the parental genotype |
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Term
| when does the 9:3:3:1 ration occur |
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Definition
| during a self cross of a dihybrid. |
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Term
| how would one test the law of independant assortment? |
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Definition
| ctest cross a dihybrid. you should get a 1:1:1:1 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| totally, undeniably random |
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Term
| What does the Chi Square test do? |
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Definition
| it correlates to a probabilty (via the chart). this probability is the probability that our finding is solely due to chance and random events. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| genes that are only present in one copy (aka and X gene in an XY individual) |
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Term
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Definition
| when only 1 copy of a gene is present and a single recessive allele will determine the phenotype |
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Term
| criss cross pattern of inheritance |
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Definition
| dad passes dominant trait to daughter and mother passes recessive allele to son in a pseudodominant manner |
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Term
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Definition
| when dealing with an x linked gene this would be a female who has one recessive allele |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the most common holandric trait? |
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Definition
| retinitis pigmentosa: night blindness which leads to total blindness |
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Term
| how can you tell if something is Y linked? |
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Definition
| transmits from father to ALL sons but NO daughters |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait expressed in one gender but present in both genders |
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Term
| examples of sex limited traits |
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Definition
| breast development, facial hair, sperm making, milk production |
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Term
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Definition
| traits that appear in both males and females but are recessive in one and dominant in the other |
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Term
| what in the Y chromosome determines sex? |
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Definition
| the testis-determining factor or sex determining factor. it is like a switch that initiates male development |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How many sets of chromosomes do flies have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pseudoautosomal region? |
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Definition
| In a chromosome it is the area in X and Y that are pretty much the same so they can match up during synapsis |
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Term
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Definition
| extra sets of chromosomes (3n individual) |
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Term
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Definition
| + of - one the normal number of one chromosome. arises from nondisunction |
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Term
| How is sex determined in flies? |
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Definition
| X:A ratio. where X is number of Xs and A is number of sets of autosomes (aka diploid=2). X:A is less or equal to .5 its a boy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the ZW system of sex determination |
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Definition
male is homogametic with ZZ. Z and W have large pseudoautosomal regions to suggest that they evolved from homologs. Two different gender determining genes (not just SRY)
in birds |
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Term
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Definition
in insects and nemotodes with hermaphrodites
male is XO and female is XX |
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Term
| describe the haplo-diplo system of sex determination |
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Definition
bees
no sex chromosome, males are haploid and females are diploid. queen does mieosis and the fertilized eggs become males. the unfertilized do parthenogenesis |
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Term
| compound chromosomal system |
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Definition
| several X and Y chromosomes as in some nemotodes and the platypus |
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Term
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Definition
environmental sex determination
temperature effects steroid synthesis by effecting reductase and aromatase that convert testosterone into male and female hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| the need to keep the same amounnt of gene expression between male and female individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell must either increase gene expression from sex chromosome in heterogametic sex or decrease it in homogametic sex |
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Term
| how do flies handle gene balance? |
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Definition
| the males transcribe twice as fast as the females. 4 proteins stick to the X in males and help it work quickly |
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Term
| how do mammals handle the gene balance? |
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Definition
| females have x chromosome inactivation. one x in females is turned into a barr body after about the 500th to 1000th cell division. |
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Term
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Definition
| o-e where o is observed and e is expected |
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