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| Carriers of a disease (ie sickle cell anemia) are resistant to another condition (malaria); more likely to survive and have babies. |
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| Cystic fibrosis: recessive or dominant? |
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| non sex chromosome; at least two of every autosome is required for survival |
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| Failure of chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate in anaphase; leads to an abnormal number of chromosomes, or aneuploidy |
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| Physically close together on the same chromosome; tend to be inherited together |
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| single nucleotide polymorphism, change that happened in ancestry. 1% of the population has it. is one nucleotide different than another. |
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| short tandem repeats. used for MODERN DNA fingerprinting |
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| polymerase chain reaction. uses PRIMERS to double the DNA each cycle. |
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| pro's and con's of genetic engineering |
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Definition
Pros: pest resistance, herbicide resistance, farm animals can produce more milk, nutritious foods, waste clean-up, drugs
Cons: can harm environment because there's no diversity. weeds can become resistant to herbicides, may be harmful to people ie chicken engineering |
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| without a 3' OH, the DNA strand... |
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Definition
| can't be extended by polymerase in replication |
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| DNA technology began by watching.. |
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Definition
bacteria have sex. IE
1) Transformation 2)Transduction 3) Conjugation |
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| DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria (and harvested from them for use). They cut DNA at specific sequences. |
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| restriction fragment length polymorphisms. technique in which organisms may be differentiated- DNA fingerprinting (old version). If two organisms differ in the distance between sites of cleavage of a particular restriction endonuclease, the length of the fragments produced will differ when the DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme. |
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| the process of moving DNA from one organism to another |
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| the different reproduction of gametes comes from factors in the environment, and leads to evolutionary change through time |
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| steps to natural selection 1-5 |
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Definition
1) individuals vary in many traits
2) variation often passed to offspring
3) resources are limited, so not all offspring survive
4)individuals are more likely to survive with better genes
5) over time, more favorable alleles become common instead of less favorable |
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| bacteria evolve much faster than eukaryotes because |
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Definition
-20 minute generation time
-population is huge with lots of genetic diversity
- can evolve quickly by getting genes with HORIZONTAL TRANSFER
-plasmids with multiple drug resistance
-antibiotics make bacteria resistant to them |
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| Forces that alter the allele frequencies of a population |
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Definition
1) Mutation
2) Migration
3) Genetic Drift
4) Non-Random mating
5) Selection |
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| any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. Ultimate source of new variation. |
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| movement of individuals from one population to another. from a continent to an island. gene flow. |
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| occurs in a small population. is the random loss of alleles. |
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1)natural-environment selects for adapted characteristics
2) artificial- human |
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| Genetic diversity is important because |
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| it provides the raw material for natural selection |
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| eliminate both extreme phenotypes, so intermediate has advantage. ie, birthweight. |
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| extreme phenotypes survive at the expense of intermediate forms. (very big and very small beaked birds survive because they can eat the kinds of nuts) |
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Definition
| an extreme phenotype becomes more prevalent in a population |
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| where does evidence for evolution come from? |
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Definition
| comparative anatomy, comparative physiology, comparative embryology, molecular biology, paleontology, biogreography |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| is a highly unlikely situation in which the allele frequencies do not change from one generation to the next. evolution does not occur. |
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| biological species concept |
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Definition
| "species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups. |
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| changes in allele frequency |
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Definition
| there are changes to reproductive barriers |
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| reproductive isolating mechanisms |
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| are barriers that prevent individuals of different species from interbreeding |
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| changes in an organism's traits over time |
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| how organisms live in their environment |
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| improvement that is due to natural selection |
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| pre-zygotic isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
1)geographic isolation
2) ecological isolation (tree/base of tree)
3)Temporal isolation (species reproduce in different seasons/times of the day)
4)behavioral isolation (a bird sings better than another)
5)mechanical isolation (structural differences)
6) prevention of gamete fusion |
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Definition
| branch of biology that identifies and names organisms. Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species |
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| post-zygotic isolating mechanisms |
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Definition
1) Hybrid embryos do not develop properly
2) Hybrid adults are sterile/infertile |
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| How might instantaneous isolation occur? |
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Definition
| Polyploidy- more than two homologous sets of chromosomes, due to a failure of meiosis and separated chromosomes. |
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| problems with the biological species concept? |
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Definition
| works well for animals but not for plants, how can you apply it to populations that do not naturally occur in nature together, |
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| change in the environment causes poorly suited organisms to go extinct (dinosaurs), and other species flourish |
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| model that shows an evolutionary change and its relationship to other species |
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