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Genetics
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53
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Undergraduate 4
12/10/2009

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Term
Wild Type
Definition
The most common phenotype or allele that exists in nature, usually considered the normal form
Term
Synapsis
Definition
Pairing of homologous chromosomes to form a "tetrad" during meiosis I.
Term
Genome
Definition
The entire complement of genetic material (DNA) in a single set of chromosomes.
Term
Transcription
Definition
Process by which an RNA molecule is made from a DNA template during gene expression.
Term
phenotype
Definition
The observable (physical and behavioral) properties of an organism.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
In a diploid cell, two successive divisions of the nucleus that result in the reduction of chromosome number from 2n to 1n.
Term
Replication
Definition
Process by which DNA is duplicated, allowing for inheritance of genetic information.
Term
Equal Segregation
Definition
In a heterozygote (Aa), half of the products of meiosis will carry one allele (A) and the other half will carry the other allele (a)
Term
Sara Waters
Definition
One of the coolest people you know.
Term
Alleles
Definition
Alternative forms of the same gene.
Term
Dominant
Definition
Refers to a phenotype or allele that is expressed in a heterozygote.
Term
Double Helix
Definition
The "twisted ladder" conformation of DNA
Term
Chromatin
Definition
The substance of chromosomes, consisting of DNA and associated proteins.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
A discrete complex of DNA and protein on which genetic information is carried.
Term
Gene
Definition
The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, composed of a segment of DNA on a chromosome encoding a functional product.
Term
Translation
Definition
Process by which information in an mRNA molecule is used to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide.
Term
DNA
Definition
The material in cells that stores genetic information as a sequence of nucleotide base pairs.
Term
Heterozygous
Definition
Carrying one copy each of two different alleles.
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Division of a nucleus in which the daughter nuclei are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
Term
Transduction
Definition
Tranfer by a phage of bacterial genes from one cell to another.
Term
Genetic Linkage
Definition
The tendency of alleles of different genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together.
Term
Interference
Definition
Situation in which a crossover in one region of a chromosome affects the likelihood of a crossover in an adjacent region.
Term
Pedigree
Definition
A family tree that uses standard genetic symbols to show the pattern of inheritance of a trait in a family.
Term
Plasmid
Definition
An autonomously replicating extrachromosomal DNA molecule, usually circular.
Term
Transformation
Definition
Conversion of a cell from one phenotype to another by the uptake of DNA from the environment.
Term
Complementation Test
Definition
A cross to determine whether two different recessive mutations occur in the same gene or in different genes.
Term
Auxotroph
Definition
A mutant that requires a supplement for growth because it is unable to synthesize one or more needed compounds from simple inorganic compounds.
Term
Crossing over
Definition
Breakage and reciprocal exchange between nonsister chromatids on homologous chromosomes, leading to recombination between genes on the same chromosome.
Term
Penetrance
Definition
The percentage of individuals of a given genotype that actually express the associated phenotype.
Term
Conjugation
Definition
Physical union of bacterial cells during which a donor cell transfers DNA segments to a recipient.
Term
Autosomes
Definition
Chromosomes other than sex chromosomes.
Term
Semiconservative Replication
Definition
Model of replication in which each daughter DNA molecule includes an intact old strand along with a newly synthesized strand.
Term
Genetic Recombination
Definition
At meiosis, the process that generates haploid products of meiosis with genotypes different from each of the two haploid genotypes that first constituted the meiotic diploid.
Term
Hybridization
Definition
Joining of two nucleic acid strands that are anitparallel and complementary.
Term
Complementary Base pairing
Definition
Formation of hydrogen bonds between A and T and between G and C on opposite strands of DNA molecules.
Term
Lysogeny
Definition
Integration of a phage genome into a host bacterial chromosome.
Term
Induction
Definition
Stimulation of gene expression by inactivation of a repressor by a small molecule.
Term
Alternative Splicing
Definition
The ability to create different mRNA molecules encoding different polypeptides by combining different sets of exons from a single kind of pre-mRNA.
Term
Gene Regulation
Definition
The ability of cells to adjust levels of gene expression in response to developmental cues and changes in the environment.
Term
Operon
Definition
In prokaryotes, a set of adjacent genes that are transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA and that are coordinately regulated.
Term
Replication
Definition
Process by which DNA is duplicated, allowing for inheritance of genetic informatoin.
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
Long chaing of amino acids
Term
Telomere
Definition
The tip or end of a linear chromosome, consisting of repeated copies of a simple noncoding sequence.
Term
Codon
Definition
A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that specifies incorporation of a particular amino acid into a growing polypeptide.
Term
Okazaki Fragments
Definition
Short, unconnected stretches of newly replicated DNA on the laggind strand.
Term
Nucleosome
Definition
The basic unit of chromatin, consisting of a length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone protiens.
Term
Trans-acting
Definition
A diffusible protien that binds to a specific DNA sequence on a gene resulting in a change in gene expression.
Term
Enhancer
Definition
In eukaryotes, a regulatory DNA sequence that can increase transcription from a promoter by binding to an activator protien.
Term
Genetic Code
Definition
The set of rules by which the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA is translated into an amino acid sequence in a polypeptide.
Term
Polygenic
Definition
Describes inheritance of a quantitative trait that is controlled by two or more genes.
Term
Polygenic
Definition
Describes inheritance of a quantitative trait that is controlled by two or more genes.
Term
Sutten and Boveri
Definition
First proposed the chromosome theory based on similar behavior of genes and chromosomes.
Term
Mendel
Definition
Discovered basic rules of inheritance including equal segregation of alleles and independent assortment of genes.
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