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| the transmission of genetic information from an organism to its progeny (offspring). |
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| a circular (prokaryotes) or linear (eukaryotes) molecule of DNA and proteins that contains genes |
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–arranged in a double helix
–contains deoxyribose sugar and phosphate backbone
–composed of nucleotides (A, T, C, G)
–Antiparallel strand orientation
–Strands are complementary |
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| a segment of DNA specifying a particular product (usually a protein) |
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| different variations of the same gene |
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| permanent alteration in DNA |
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Genetic information transfer
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the Central Dogma of molecular biology
[image] |
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| DNA synthesis; existing DNA used as a template to make new DNA |
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| RNA synthesis; existing DNA (genes) used as a template to make RNA (rRNA, mRNA, and tRNA). |
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| Protein synthesis; RNA molecules are used to form proteins from amino acids |
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| What Direction does DNA replication take place? |
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| Always occurs in a 5’ to 3’ direction |
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| What direction does the two replication forks move? |
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| Bidirectionally (progress in two directions simutaneously) |
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| What are required enzymes for DNA replication? |
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Definition
Gyrase
Helicase
DNA polymerase
Ligase
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| unwinds the DNA double helix. |
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| “unzips” the two strands of DNA (breaking of hydrogen bonds that hold the strands together). |
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| adds nucleotides to synthesize a new DNA strand (daughter strand) from the template strand (parental strand) |
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| seals the “nick” where replication forks meet (adds the final phosphodiester bond). |
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| replication is continuous because the replication fork is already moving in a 5’ à 3’ direction for the leading strand. |
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Definition
| replication is discontinuous (via the synthesis of Okazaki fragments) because the replication fork is moving in a 3’ à 5’ direction for the lagging strand, which does not work for DNA polymerase. |
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RNA Synthesis- Transcription is catalyzed by this |
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Definition
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| site on a gene where RNA polymerase binds and begins transcription |
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ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)
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| template for protein synthesis |
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| brings amino acids to the ribosome for the growing polypeptide |
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–genes contain introns that are excised
–RNA synthesis in nucleus; protein synthesis in cytoplasm |
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–no introns in genes
–RNA and protein are synthesized in the cytoplasm |
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| determine the amino acid sequence of a protein. |
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| complementary to the codons of mRNA |
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A tRNA carrying an amino acid
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| is “charged”. An uncharged tRNA is not bound to an amino acid. |
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| component of ribosomes, which catalyze protein synthesis. |
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(30S) subunit
•composed of 16S rRNA and 21 proteins |
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(50S) subunit
•composed of 5S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and 31 proteins |
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Definition
| enzymes to metabolize a substrate are not made if the substrate is not present |
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| – enzymes to metabolize a substrate are made if the substrate is present. |
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| base change results in a new codon that dictates a different amino acid. |
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| : base change results in a stop codon that terminates translation. |
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| : base change results in a new codon that does not change the amino acid. |
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| caused by the deletion (–1) or insertion (+1) of a base. |
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Spontaneous errors during DNA replication
Chemical mutagens
–base analogs – mimic nitrogenous bases
–acridine derivatives – cause frameshifts
UV Radiation
–causes thymine dimers |
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