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| cell with circular chromosome |
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| shape of a prokaryotic chromosome |
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| thread-like strands composed of DNA |
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| how do prokaryotes divide? eukaryotes? |
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| shows that bacteria are capable of exchanging DNA |
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| polymers that contain a varying sequence of 4 nucleotides |
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| how nucleotides pair (which ones to which) |
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| thymine-adenine, guanine-cytosine |
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| kind of bond that binds nucleotides |
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| dioxyribose sugar, phosphate group, and a base |
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| when the DNA double helix separates |
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| when the DNA double helix comes back together |
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| shape of eukaryotic chromosome |
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"restriction" in mid-chromosome
needed for proper segregation during mitosis & meiosis |
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specialized structure at ends of linear chromosome
enzyme telomerase |
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| "moulding" / complementary shapes |
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| semiconservative replication |
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| repel water "afraid of water" -- bases |
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| attracts water -- outside of DNA (sugar-phosphate) |
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| RNA's equivalent to thymine -- a different base |
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| sugar used in RNA instead of deoxyribose |
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| sugar used in RNA instead of deoxyribose |
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| process of recording DNA through the use of RNA |
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| types of RNA & their functions |
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mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
mRNA: (messenger)carries out the actions of genes, carries DNA's message from the nucleus into the cytoplasm
tRNA: carries amino acids around during translation
rRNA: puts amino acids together in chains |
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| combination of three nucleotides in a row |
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| part of the DNA sequence that is translated to RNA during transcription splicing |
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| part of the DNA sequence that is NOT translated to RNA during transcription splicing |
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| part of transcription when only part of the DNA is read and expressed in RNA |
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| inhibits gene expression by creating a double-stranded RNA that leads to RNA degradation in some areas of the RNA |
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| what determines higher order structure in proteins? |
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| primary structure is determined by |
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| common motifs such as alpha helix -- spiral |
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| how the various regions of secondary structure fold with respect to one another |
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| multiple peptide chains & how they associate |
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Enzymes
Structural components
Pumps/channels
Regulatory proteins
Convert chemical energy to motion |
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