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| crosses of hybrids for a single trait |
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| mendels law of segregation |
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| two alleles for each gene separate independently during gamete formation, and then combine, at random, one from each parent, at fertilization |
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| mating an individual with a dominant phenotype Y- with an homozygous recessive phenotype individual yy |
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| two pairs of alleles segregate into a heterozygous individual for two genes at the same time |
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| law of independent assortment |
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| during gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of one another |
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| reproductive cells containing one copy of each gene |
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| heritable entity that determines a characteristic |
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| the alleles and individual has |
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traits determined by two or more factors
ex: multiple genes or genes interacting with the environment |
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| hybrid F1 does not resemble either pure breeding parent, often express a phenotype intermetiade between pure breeding parents. both alleles contribute to F1 phenotype |
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| both traits show up equally in the heterozygote's phenotype, neither parental allele is dominant or recessive to another. |
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a gene may have more that two alleles in the population, but an individual can only contain two forms of that alleles.
ex. IA,IB,i |
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| alleles are listed in order from most dominant to most recessve |
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| alterations of genetic material |
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| an allele whos frequency is greater that 1% |
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| each allele of a gene over the total number of gene copies. |
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| an allele with a frequency of less than 1% |
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| phenomenon of a single gene determining a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics |
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| an allele that negatively affects the survival of a homozygous of the recessive trait |
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| complementary gene action |
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| two genes work together to produce a certain trait and dominant alleles of both genes must be present to produce this trait |
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| the interaction where the allele of one gene mask the effects of the allele of another gene |
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a mutation that any number of genes can give rise to the same phenotype
ex:deafness |
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Test determining whether a phenotype arises from mutations in the same gene or seperate genes. When what appears to be an identical recessive phenotype appears in two different breeding lines we want to know if its from the same gene.
They set up mating between two lines, if offspring are wildtype unaffected, complementation has occured. If offspring express mutant phenotype it is probably from the same gene. |
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| how many members of a population with a particular genotype show the expected phenotype |
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| alter phenotypes produced by the alleles of other genes |
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a type of allele that i lethal only in certain conditions
ex: a mutation that is temperature dependent |
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| chromosomes that match in size, shape, and banding |
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| the 44 chromosomes found in matching pairs |
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| two distinct chromosomes providing the basis for sex determination |
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| pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
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| an animal cell containing more than one nucleus |
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| located on the same chromosome |
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| regions of where non-sister chromatids of homologs cross over each other |
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| a gauge of physical distance between any two/three genes on the same chromosome/recombination frequency |
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| the chromosomal position assigned to a gene |
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a phenomenon where the number of double cross overs is less than expected because crossovers do not occur independently of one another. the occurrence of one crossover reduces the chance of another crossover in an adjacent part of the chromosome.
interference= 1- coefficient of coincidence |
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Term
| coefficient of coincidence |
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Definition
| a measure of interference from the ratio of frequency observed over the expected frequency |
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