Term
|
Definition
| Process by which information contained in genes is decoded to produce other molecules that determine the phenotypic traits of organisms? |
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Term
|
Definition
| The central dogma concept involves: |
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Term
|
Definition
| In the central dogma concept, every three bases is a _____ that instructs the synthesis of a particular amino acid? |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how the sequences of macromolecules change through time constitutes |
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Term
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Definition
| One way to estimate a gene tree from a distance matrix is known as? |
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Term
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Definition
| In a population, the proportion of organisms that have a particular genotype is called? |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| The gene responsible for apoptosis? |
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Term
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Definition
| What is a stained and photographed preparation of metaphase chromosomes arranged according to size and position on the centromere called? |
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Term
|
Definition
| A metacentric centromere is located on what part of the chromosome |
|
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Term
| X-chromosome inactivation |
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Definition
| A female calico cat, heterozygous for orange and black coat alleles, would show visible evidence of what? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by what autosomal aneuploidy? |
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Term
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Definition
| Aneuploidy results from _______, a failure of chromosomes to separate and move to opposite poles of the division spindle |
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Term
| Because it inactivates 2 X’s, leaving one functioning |
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Definition
| How can an embryo which contains the genotype XXX survive? |
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Term
| The syndrome can form when the tumors overproduce hormones in the rest of the |
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Definition
| How is Gastrointestinal Carcinoid Syndrome related to the carcinoid tumors |
|
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Term
a. Stomach
b. Appendix
c. Colon
d. Rectum
e. All of the above(answer) |
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Definition
| Because these organs carry a certain neuroendocrine cell, what part/(s) of the body are gastrointestinal tumors most likely to appear? |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the patterns of inheritance from generation to generation is known as? |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ is the type of branched-chain starch used in normal gene encoding. |
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Term
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Definition
| This procedure is used to separate DNA molecules of different sizes… |
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Term
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Definition
| This type of expression refers to the different degrees in which genes are expressed in different organisms… |
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Term
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Definition
| Penetrance of less than 100% or _______ is the extreme of variable expressivity in which the genotype is not expressed to a detectable degree in some individuals? |
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Term
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Definition
| The term that refers to any type of gene interaction which results in the F2 dihybrid ratio of 9:3:3:1 being modified into another ratio? |
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Term
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Definition
| Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia affects the ________ cells contained in the ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| What type of gene is contained on each chromosome and promotes cell growth and division? |
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Term
a. associated with the loss of herterzygosity.
b. a protein called RB protein.
c. affected by the phosphorylation of cyclin D-Cdk4 kinase by cyclin D-Cdk6 kinase(answer)
d. responsible for binding the E2F transcription factor.
e. the cause of tumor formation in retina when a mutation of its code occurs. |
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Definition
| Retinoblastoma is not _____? |
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Term
| Enhancement of genes which promote proliferation and/or inhibit cell self-destruct. |
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Definition
| Oncogenes are responsible for which of the following? |
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Term
| DNA damage checkpoint, centrosome duplication checkpoint, spindle checkpoint |
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Definition
| The three principle checkpoints that insure genetic integrity of cells are? |
|
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Term
| Helicase, SSB proteins, Gyrase, RNA primer, DNA pol 1 |
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Definition
| List the following in the order in which they affect the DNA strands during DNA replication. |
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Term
| To replicate DNA only one replication fork is formed using initiation process. |
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Definition
| Of the following, choose the statement which is not true of eukaryotic DNA replication. |
|
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Term
| Equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation |
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Definition
| Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl used this method in 1858 to separate molecules with only slightly different densities into distict layers forming a density gradient |
|
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Term
| Blackburn, Greider and Szostack |
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Definition
| Which researchers were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for their research in related to telomeres and telomerase? |
|
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Term
a. Identified first in mammals
b. It is also called the Shelterin Complex
c. Composed of six proteins
d. Required for the function of telomerase enzyme.
e. Requires RNA primer to be activated(answer) |
|
Definition
| Which of the following is not true about the Telosome? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the process of synthesis of an RNA molecule copied from the segment of DNA that constitutes the gene? |
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Term
|
Definition
| RNA splicing occurs in nuclear particles known as? |
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Term
|
Definition
| What is the model of protein evolution through the combination of different exons called? |
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Term
|
Definition
| mRNA molecules which contain information for the amino acid sequences of several different proteins are called? |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mutations that delete or add a base pair shift the reading frame; this type of mutation is called? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 38. What is the origin of new genetic capabilities in populations by means of spontaneous heritable changes in genes? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 39. The G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase collectively are known as what phase? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 40. In early stages of the cell cycle, what controls progression from one phase to the next? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 41. An RNA sequence complementary to an mRNA is called a(an) ________ RNA? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 42. Transcriptional regulation may be either? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 43. A collection of adjacent structural genes regulated by an operator and a repressor is a(an)? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 44. Introduction of one or more mutations into a specific gene is ? |
|
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Term
| d. Complementary DNA (cDNA) |
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Definition
| 45. Term used for the double-stranded DNA produced by reverse transcriptase? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 46. The linking of two DNA molecules by in vitro manipulations for the purpose of generating a novel organism with desired characteristics is? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 47. BRCA-1 and BRCA-2 are inherited in what manner? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 48. People over 65 account for ___ of recently diagnosed malignancies? |
|
|
Term
| c. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
|
Definition
| 49. Which is the correct order for Mitosis? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 50. Which enzyme restores the ends of the DNA molecule in a chromosome? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 51. What is the specific region where chromatids are held together called |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 52. The site where the microtubules are attached to the chromosomes is structurally known as |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 53. At which stage do the mitotic spindles form? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 54. Which term best describes the process of nuclear division in Gametogenesis or Sporogenesis in which one replication of the chromosomes is followed by two successive divisions of the nucleus to produce four haploid nuclei? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 55. This type of Hemangiosarcoma found in dogs is less aggressive and often caused by sun exposure? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 56. Which type of cells have migratory capabilities, and when transplanted move to the site of injury? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 57. How many centromeres does a chromosome contain if it is reliably transmitted from a parental cell to a daughter cell? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 58. _________ are generally harmful to the organism, and it is said that the larger it is the greater the harm? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 59. The ________ chromosome set is the basic set of chromosomes that is multiplied in a polyploidy series of species, such as a Chrysanthemum |
|
|
Term
| e. metacentric chromosome |
|
Definition
| 60. A chromosome with its centromere in the middle is known as a __________? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 61. A genetic ________ is an individual which contains cells of two or more different genotypes. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 62. A __________ chromosome set is the set of chromosomes present in a gamete, irrespective of the chromosome number in a species? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 63. What year of high school was Megan Gabrysch diagnosed with carcinoid tumor cancer? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 64. Where was Megan Gabrysch's Carcinoid tumor first located? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 65. Which two bases have the double-ringed purine structure? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 66. The small precursor fragments that make up the lagging stand are called what? |
|
|
Term
| d. Single-strand binding protein (SSB) |
|
Definition
| 67. What is the protein that stabilizes the single strands of DNA at replication fork? |
|
|
Term
| b. Stops the cell cycle when DNA is damaged or replication is incomplete |
|
Definition
| 68. What does the DNA damage checkpoint do? |
|
|
Term
a. DNA damage checkpoint
b. Centrosome duplication checkpoint
c. Spindle checkpoint
d. All of the Above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 69. Which are of the three principle checkpoints that maintain genetic integrity of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a. It protects the chromosome from deterioration
b. A repetitive nucleotide sequence at the end of a chromosome
c. A and B9answer) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
a. Stay fit
b. Eat right
c. Stress less
d. Never smoke
e. All of the Above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 72. Which of these is a way to increase telomere longevity? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 73. A protein made through gene expression is called? |
|
|
Term
| a. Computer analysis of amino acid sequences |
|
Definition
| 74. What is the primary method for identifying protein domains? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 75. RNA synthesis does not require a(n)? |
|
|
Term
| d. All protein coding genes along with genes for small nuclear RNAs |
|
Definition
| 76. RNA polymerase II includes what function? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 77. The active form of RNA polymerase is called what |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 78. RNA splicing generally occurs in nuclear particles known as what? |
|
|
Term
| d. Nucelotide Exision Repair |
|
Definition
| 79. Helix distorting legions, such as pyrimidine dimers, are usually repaired by what kind of DNA repair method? |
|
|
Term
a. Double strand damage
b. Single strand damage
c. Direct reversal
d. Mutations
e. All of the above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 80. Failure to repair lesions in DNA can result in what? |
|
|
Term
| c. The increasing amount of farmable land |
|
Definition
| 81. Which of the following is NOT a reason to produce a Genetically Modified crop? |
|
|
Term
a. Increasing cancer risks
b. Alternating the human genome
c. Severe weight loss
d. Developed food allergies
e. Both A and D(answer) |
|
Definition
| 82. The consumption and production of Genetically Modified crops may have potential human health hazards such as? |
|
|
Term
a. Pollinators
b. Rain
c. Birds
d. Wind
e. All of the above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 83. Genetically Modified crops may result in genetic pollution, which can be carried by…? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 84. Many Genetically Modified crops contain a certain toxin gene that may kill certain organisms such as bees and butterflies. What is the name of the toxin? |
|
|
Term
| a. Farmers will have to develop new methods |
|
Definition
| 85. Farming has been practiced for over 12,000 years. If biotechnology controls farming, what negative economic hazard could potentially happen? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 86. The United States has approved GMOs based on previous studies. However, about 50 countries around the world do not approve of them. Which of the following countries does not approve? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 87. Gene expression first occurs in a process known as ____________ where protein synthesis occurs by using messenger RNA. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 88. What percentage of women will most likely develop breast cancer with the inherited gene BRCA1? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
89. In some species of fungi, each meiotic tetrad is contained in a sac-like structure,
called (an/a)__________? |
|
|
Term
a. nontetratype (NTT)(answer)
b. parental ditype (PD)
c. nonparental ditype (NPD)
d. tetratype (TT) |
|
Definition
90. In tetrads, when two pairs of alleles are segregating, three patterns of segregation
are possible. Which of the following is not a pattern? |
|
|
Term
| a. the gene is close enough to the centromere and there are no multiple crossovers. |
|
Definition
91. The map distance between a gene and its centromere equals: 1/2 x (number of
asci with second division segregation / total number of asci) x 100. This formula is
valid when_________? |
|
|
Term
| a. a break in double - stranded DNA |
|
Definition
| 92. Recombination is initiated by what? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
93. The programmed DNA breaks are much more likely to occur at certain positions in
the genome than others. Crossovers resulting in recombination are much more likely
to occur at these positions, which are referred to as________? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 94. What is the main reason as to why the merle gene leads to numerous health defects? |
|
|
Term
| c. Not mating merle to merle |
|
Definition
| 95. What is the best method for keeping merle genetic defects at bay? |
|
|
Term
a. The basic structural unit is the nucleosome
b. Replication, transcription, and RNA processing occur between chromatin domains
c. The spaces between chromatin domains form a network of channels
d. B & C
e. All of the above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 96. Which of the following is true of chromatin structure? |
|
|
Term
a. The Telomeres
b. The Euchromatin
c. The Centromere
d. All of the above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 97. Where is heterochromatin found on a chromosome in metaphase? |
|
|
Term
a. Telomeres provide stability to the chromosome tips
b. The centromere is not essential for chromosome segregation
c. Each eukaryotic chromosome contains a single DNA molecule
d. All of the above
e. A and C only(answer) |
|
Definition
| 98. Which of the following is true regarding chromosome structure? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 99. Early evidence that genes are located on chromosomes was discovered by? |
|
|
Term
a. X-linked genes are inherited according to sex
b. Hemophilia is a classic example of X-linked inheritance
c. Females produce only X-bearing gametes
d. All of the above are true(answer) |
|
Definition
| 100. All of the following is true of X-linked inheritance except? |
|
|
Term
a. Interphase
b. S phase where DNA synthesis occurs
c. G1, G2, and G3(answer)
d. mitosis
e. cell death |
|
Definition
| 101. The cell cycle is comprised of which of the following except? |
|
|
Term
| c. Vascular endothelial cells |
|
Definition
| 102. In which cells does Hemangio sarcoma originate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 103. The hemangio sarcoma spreads through which system? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 104. What term describes complex or muiltifactorial traits in which the phenotypes in a population differ in quantity rather than in type? |
|
|
Term
| e. Genotype-by-environment association |
|
Definition
| 105. This type of association describes when different genotypes in a population are not distributed at random among all the possible environments. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 106. The arbitrary level of phenotype that determines which individuals will be saved for breeding purposes in individual selection |
|
|
Term
a. Aid in the controlling of carcinogenic cells
b. Regrow viable organs
c. Revolutionize skin grafts
d. Stabilize chromosomes and increase the “life” span of chromosomes
e. All of the above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 107. Unlocking the key to telomerase reactivation could… |
|
|
Term
| b. Have telomerase deactivated early in cellular development |
|
Definition
| 108. Unlike carcinogenic cells, somatic cells… |
|
|
Term
| c. 22 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes |
|
Definition
| 109. The standard human karyotype consists of ____ pairs of autosome and ___ sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 110. A darkly staining body found in the interphase nucleus of certain cells of female mammals; consists of the condensed, inactivated X chromosome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 111. A form of karyotyping in which chromosomes are hybridized with fluorescent dye to show their origin. |
|
|
Term
| b. Decrease X gene products by half in females |
|
Definition
| 112. How do you create equal amounts of X chromosome gene products in males and females? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 113. A gene that is carried on the X chromosome and codes for an enzyme that breaks down sugar. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 114. Carcinoid syndrome usually takes place when the infrequent carcinoid tumors secrete ___________, also known as 5-hydrotryptamine, and other chemicals into the bloodstream, bringing about a diversity of signs and symptoms. |
|
|
Term
a. Foregut
b. Midgut
c. Hindgut
d. A and B onlu
e. All of the above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 115. Carcinoid tumors are categorized into which of the following categories? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 116. Nucleotide monomers are added one by one to the end of a growing strand of DNA by an enzyme called: |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 117. ______ enzymes cleave duplex DNA at particular nucleotide sequences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 118. Which of these are purine bases? |
|
|
Term
| d. Polymerase Chain Reaction |
|
Definition
| 119. Which of these is at technique that uses repeated cycles of DNA denaturation, renaturation with primer oligonucleotide sequences, and replication, resulting in exponential growth in the number of copies of the DNA sequence located between the primer? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following are a type of genes associated with cancer? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 121. Loss of function of this protein results in acquisition of two characteristics of cancer cells: insensitivity to anti-growth signals and evasion of apoptosis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 122. An enzyme that adds specific nucleotides to the tips of the chromosomes to form the telomeres? |
|
|
Term
a. Having a Y-chromosome
b. Being overweight
c. Oxidative Stress
d. Smoking
e. All of the above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 123. According to several different studies, which of these is most likely to cause shortening of telomeres? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 124. What does the progeny constitute when two varieties that differ in one or more traits are crossed? |
|
|
Term
| a. To separate DNA molecules of different sizes |
|
Definition
| 125. How is the procedure gel electrophoresis used? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 126. The phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is intermediate between the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes; this is an example of what? |
|
|
Term
a. Faster and more efficient
b. Easier to study
c. Easier to obtain true breeding lines
d. Easier to do certain crosses
e. C & D(answer) |
|
Definition
| 127. What is an advantage of self-fertilization? |
|
|
Term
| e. Principle of Independent Assortment |
|
Definition
| 128. The progeny of testcrosses show which of the following? |
|
|
Term
| b. Experimental technique that uses DNA in order to prevent and treat certain diseases |
|
Definition
| 129. What is gene therapy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 130. In the experiment to cue Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia what cell was engineered and placed back into the body to fight off the cancerous cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plasmids are ______ DNA molecules that replicate _______of the bacterial chromosome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following is a telomerase inhibitor? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following is a function of telomerase? |
|
|
Term
| c. Genetically Modified Organisms |
|
Definition
| 131. What does GMOs stand for? |
|
|
Term
| a. Growing human population |
|
Definition
| 132. Why produce GM crops? |
|
|
Term
| c. Interrupting normal biological pathways |
|
Definition
| 133. What is a major concern when considering gene therapy for breast cancer |
|
|
Term
a. Designer artificial vectors
b. Human stem cells
c. Enhanced retroviruses and adenoviruses
d. Leptoviruses
e. All the above(answer) |
|
Definition
| 134. What is considered to be the future of vectors in gene therapy? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 135. The cell cycle is typically paused or stopped at particular transition locations between various periods to observe and determine if key processes have been completed. What is this transition location called? |
|
|
Term
| a. It divides the chromosome number in half |
|
Definition
| 136. The first meiotic division is often referred to as the reductional divison. Why? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 137. What are small basic protein(s) that are bund to DNA in chromatin? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 138. In the life cycle of a typical animal, there are four products produced in meiosis. For females only one of the four products develops into an egg. How many of the four products develop into functional sperm for males? |
|
|
Term
| b. When the breakage and rejoining between non-sister chromatids occur |
|
Definition
| 139. How are chiasmas (or chiasmata) formed in the prophase 1 stage of meiosis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 140. What do mesenchymal cells become later on in development? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 141. What are hemangiosarcoma tumors also referred to? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 142. What is the outcome of homologous chromosomes crossing over? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 143. The order of genes and the relative distance between them is known as the ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 144. At what recombination frequency is a group of genes believed to be “linked”? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 145. On a physical map where is the Heterchromatin located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 146. What is the density of SNPs in Human genome? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 147. Two or more relatively common forms of a gene, chromosome or genetically determined trait present in a population is known as |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 148. What is the black patchy over white or brown phenotype usually called? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 149. A merle and Merle cross is known as a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 150. A cross between an organism of dominate phenotype and an organism of recessive phenotype? |
|
|
Term
| c. Independent Assortment |
|
Definition
| 151. Gregor Mendel’s fourth principle is? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 152. The ratio observed in a dihybrid cross would be? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 153. What is the name of the starch absent in wrinkled peas that causes them to shrink irregularly? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 154. Percentage of people diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic leukemia between the ages of 55 to 84 years of age? |
|
|
Term
| d. Past medical history of patient |
|
Definition
| 155. The first step used in diagnosing a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia is |
|
|
