Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on a tRNA that is antiparallel and complementary to a codon on mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Chromosomes other than the sex chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A mutant that requires a supplement for growth because it is unable to synthesize one or more needed compounds from simple inorganic compounds. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which DNA is duplicated, allowing for inheritance of genetic information. |
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Term
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Definition
| The substance of chromosomes, consisting of DNA and associated proteins. |
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Term
| Semiconservative Replication |
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Definition
| Model of replication in which each daughter DNA molecule includes an intact old strand along with a newly synthesized strand. |
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Term
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Definition
| A discrete complex of DNA and protein on which genetic information is carried. |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of a wild-type phenotype in dihybrid offspring of two recessive mutant parents due to completion in the offspring of a biochemical or developmental pathway. |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the events related to cell reproduction from birth of a new cell to division of that cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ability of cells to take up DNA from their environment during transformation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which both alleles are fully expressed and show themselves clearly in the phenotype of the heterozygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| Physical union of bacterial cells during which donor cell transfers DNA segments to a recipient. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to a phenotype or allele that is expressed in a heterozygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| The "twisted ladder" conformation of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenon in which expression of a single gene is silenced by introduction of a double-stranded RNA sequence corresponding to part of the mRNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of alleles of different genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together. |
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Term
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Definition
| The set of rules by which the nucleotide sequence in an mRNA is translated into an amino acid sequence in a polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Collection of processes by which information in genes is used to produce functional molecules in cells, ultimately determining genetic traits of organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| Carrying one copy each of two different alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which an RNA molecule is made from a DNA template during gene expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of genes that show linkage one to another, corresponding to all of the genes on a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Position of a gene along the length of a chromosome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Integration of a phage genome into a host bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| In prokaryotes, a set of adjacent genes that are transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA and that are coordinately regulated. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sequence of three adjacent nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that specifies incorporation of a particular amino acid into a growing polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Any physical or chemical treatment that increases the rate of mutations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic that results from multiple genetic and environmental factors that interact to determine a phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a diploid cell, two successive divisions of the nucleus that result in the reduction of chromosome number from 2n to 1n. |
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Term
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Definition
| Division of a nucleus in which the daughter nuclei are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The basic unit of chromatin, consisting of a length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins. |
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Term
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Definition
| The observable (physical, behavioral) properties of an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| Process by which information in an mRNA molecule is used to direct the synthesis of a polypeptide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Flexibility in base-pairing at the 3’ position of a codon with the 5’ position of an anticodon. |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of individuals of a given genotype that actually express the associated phenotype. |
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Term
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Definition
| An autonomously replicating extrachromosomal DNA molecule, usually circular. |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA virus that can integrate into a host genome. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes a gene that is always expressed at approximately the same level. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pairing of homologous chromosomes to form a “tetrad” during meiosis I. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer by a phage of bacterial genes from one cell to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conversion of a cell from one phenotype to another by the uptake of DNA from the environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cross of a phenotypically dominant individual of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual in order to determine the genotype of the dominant individual. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tip or end of a linear chromosome, consisting of repeated copies of a simple noncoding sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of advanced computer technology to collect, organize, and analyze biological data, especially DNA and protein sequence data. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double-stranded DNA copy of an mRNA molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A set of many copies of a DNA molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| A large collection of DNA clones representing a particular population of DNA molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
| A collection on a slide of a very large number of different DNA fragments, each of which acts as a probe to monitor the presence and expression of a large number of genes simultaneously. |
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Term
| Functional Complementation |
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Definition
| Transformation of a mutant to wild type by a clone in a DNA library, allowing the clone carrying a gene of interest to be identified. |
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Term
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Definition
| Study of genome-wide gene expression patterns and networks of protein interactions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The correction of a genetic deficiency in a cell or organism by addition and insertion into the genome of a normal gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of recombinant DNA technology and transgenesis to alter the genetic machinery of an organism for human purposes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cloning and analysis of all of the DNA that makes up an entire genome. |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
| A method for amplifying a specific DNA fragment in vitro using repeated rounds of DNA synthesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cloning of a gene based on its location on a chromosome map. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that recognizes and binds to a specific nucleic acid or polypeptide, allowing it to be identified in a complex mixture. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of how the proteins of a cell or organism work together to control function and determine phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A novel DNA molecule formed by the combination of two nonhomologous molecules, often from two different organisms. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that cleaves DNA at a specific sequence, in many cases producing complementary, "sticky" ends. |
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Term
| Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) |
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Definition
| Differences in the length of DNA fragments produced by differences in restriction enzyme cleavage sites between individuals. |
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Term
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Definition
| Determination of function of a cloned gene by creating a mutation in vitro and examining its phenotype in vivo. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that makes DNA (cDNA) from an RNA template. |
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Term
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Definition
| In vitro copying of an mRNA into cDNA, followed by PCR amplification. |
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Term
| Single-nucleotide polymorphism |
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Definition
| A difference between individuals of a single nucleotide base pair at a particular site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Replacement of a specific functional gene with a nonfunctional copy in order to assess the function of the normal gene. |
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Term
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Definition
| Introduction of a foreign gene or recombinant DNA molecule into an organism. |
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Term
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Definition
| In gene cloning, a DNA molecule that can carry a foreign piece of DNA and can be replicated in a host cell. |
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Term
| Additive Genetic Variance |
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Definition
| Genetic variance associated with the average effect of substituting one allele for another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which the parents of the next generation are chosen based on the presence of useful or desirable characteristics. |
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Term
| Broad-sense heritability (h2) |
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Definition
| Within a particular population, the proportion of total phenotypic variance that is contributed by genetic variance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Existence in a population of an unbroken range of forms, in which every intermediate form is possible. |
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Term
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Definition
| Existence in a population of two or more distinctly different forms. |
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Term
| Dominacne genetic variance |
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Definition
| Genetic variance at a single locus attributable to interactions (dominance) between alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
| The extent to which phenotypic differences among individuals are due to genetic differences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A trait that varies quantitatively in increments of whole, countable units. |
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Term
| Narrow-sense heritability (h2) |
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Definition
| Within a particular population, the proportion of total phenotypic variance that is contributed by additive genetic variance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Principle that individuals that are better adapted to an environment tend to survive more often and contribute more offspring to the next generation. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of two or more genetic loci that together control a quantitative trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inheritance of a characteristic that varies (usually continuously) in amount. |
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Term
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Definition
| A characteristic that varies in amount of a measurable feature. |
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Term
| Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) |
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Definition
| The position on a chromosome of a gene that contributes to a quantitative trait. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the mean of the selected parents and the mean of the general population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The point at which no further improvement can be obtained by artificial selection. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference between the mean of the offspring of the selected parents and the mean of the original general population. |
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Term
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Definition
| A discrete trait that is brought about when some continuously varying parameter(s) exceeds a critical value. |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of a population becoming better fit to its environment through natural selection; a characteristic that makes a population better fit to its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| The percentage of all alleles at a given locus in a population represented by a specific allele. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species formation by geographical isolation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolution that takes place within a single lineage. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mating between individuals where the choice of mate is influenced by phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in allele frequencies that occur when a population experiences a period of extreme contraction, often including loss of alleles. |
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Term
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Definition
| In evolution, the splitting of one lineage into two lineages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Selection in which one of the extreme forms of a trait is favored, resulting in a shift in the population toward the favored extreme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The origin of new types of organisms from pre-existing types, involving descent with modification. |
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Term
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Definition
| The principle that when a small sample of a source population establishes itself as a separate colony, the colony will carry only part of the genetic variation of the source population, and the allele frequencies in the colony will differ from those of the parent population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfer of genes from one population to another through migration, leading to a change in allele frequencies. |
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Term
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Definition
| All of the alleles represented in the reproducing members of a population. |
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Term
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Definition
| Random changes in allele frequency within a population resulting from sampling error during reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| In a population the proportion of individuals that have a particular genotype. |
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Term
| Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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Definition
| A stable genotype distribution maintained by a randomly mating population from generation to generation in the absence of agents of evolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which heterozygote individuals are more fit than either homozygote. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which individuals are more likely to mate with close relatives than with nonrelatives. |
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Term
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Definition
| Processes by which species and higher groupings of organisms originate, change and go extinct. |
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Term
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Definition
| Evolutionary changes that occur within a species over a relatively short time period, including changes in the genetic structure in a population leading up to formation of a new species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of individuals from one population to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| Use of DNA or protein sequence differences to estimate the time of divergence between two species. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mating between individuals in which the choice of mate is influenced by genotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The evolutionary relationships between different species or different DNA sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
| A biological system that consists of all the members of a particular species in a local area, separate from other groups of the same species in other areas. |
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Term
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Definition
| Branch of genetics that examines the genetic composition of populations and changes in the genetic composition over time. |
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Term
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Definition
| Situation in which reproducing members of a population choose mates without regard to genotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The probability of survival and reproduction for a particular genotype compared to others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disproportionate contribution of alleles to the next generation by individuals of favored genotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formation of a new species. |
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Term
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Definition
| A particular kind of organism whose members share similar anatomical and behavioral characteristics and have the potential to interbreed successfully in nature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Species formation without geographical isolation. |
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