Term
| Homologous chromosome pair |
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Definition
| a set of one maternal chromosome and one paternal chromosome that pair up with each other inside a cell during meiosis. |
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Definition
| are generated when a single chromosome is replicated into two copies of itself |
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Definition
| are different from each other. These chromatids are located on different chromosomes within the same DNA |
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Definition
| A four-part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis and consists of two homologous chromosomes, each composed of two sister chromatids |
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Term
| Daughter cells that result from mitosis |
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Definition
| two, each 2n and genetically identical to the parent cell. |
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Term
| Daughter cells that result from meiosis |
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Definition
| Four, each haploid and genetically non-identical to each other and the parent cell |
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Term
| How does meiosis create genetic variation |
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Definition
| crossing over and independent assortment. |
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Term
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Definition
| is the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes. It is one of the final phases of genetic recombination, which occurs during prophase I of meiosis (pachytene) during a process called synapsis |
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Definition
| , states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes. This means that traits are transmitted to offspring independently of one another. |
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Definition
| - a type of chromosome abnormality involving a change in the structure of the native chromosome.[1] Such changes may involve several different classes of events, like deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations. Usually, these events are caused by a breakage in the DNA double helices at two different locations, followed by a rejoining of the broken ends to produce a new chromosomal arrangement of genes, different from the gene order of the chromosomes before they were broken. |
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Definition
| The occurrence of one or more extra or missing chromosomes leading to an unbalanced chromosome complement, or, any chromosome number that is not |
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Definition
| Polyploid cells and organisms are those containing more than two paired sets of chromosomes. Most eukaryotic species are diploid, meaning they have two sets of chromosomes—one set inherited from each parent |
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Term
Key Differences in Chromosome Dynamics
Between Mitosis and Meiosis |
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Definition
Homologous Chromosomes Pair in Meiosis I
Centromeres Between Sister Chromatids DO NOT Split at Meiosis I |
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Term
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Definition
Specialized form of nuclear division.
Two rounds of division with only one round of DNA replication.
End result, 4 haploid (1 n) cells. |
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Definition
An Aneuploid state.
A total of 47 Chromosome
due to 3 copies of chromosome 21
instead of 2 copies. |
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Term
| Crossing Over occurs during |
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Definition
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Term
| Independent assortment occurs during |
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Definition
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Term
The number of gamete types generate
by Independent Assortment can be calculated mathematically |
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Definition
2n
Where n = haploid number |
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Term
| Chromosome Theory of Heredity |
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Definition
| Inheritance patterns can be explained by assuming genes are located on chromosomes. |
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Term
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Definition
| breeding with homozygous recessive |
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Term
| The law of independent assortment- |
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Definition
| during gamete formation the segregation of the alleles of one allelic pair is independent of the segregation of the alleles of another allelic pair |
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Definition
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Definition
Two alleles of a gene separate when gametes form,
so each gamete has only one allele |
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Definition
Compare F1 Progeny Between Crosses:
If same phenotype, then No Sex Linkage!
If phenotype differs, then Sex Linkage! |
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Definition
| a mutant copy of a gene that completely lacks that gene's normal function. This can be the result of the complete absence of the gene product at the molecular level, or the expression of a non-functional gene product |
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Term
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Definition
| If is also possible that some function may remain, but not at the level of the wild type allele |
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Definition
| when a diploid organism has only a single functional copy of a gene and the single functional copy does not produce enough of a gene product to bring about a wild-type condition, leading to an abnormal or diseased state |
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Term
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Definition
-neither pro or eukaryotic
-do not possess cellular structure
-outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid |
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Term
| Three things needed for a cell to reproduce |
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Definition
1. Genetic info must be copied
2. Copies must be separated from each other
3. The cell must divide |
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Definition
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Term
| How many chromosomes does a human have? |
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Definition
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Term
| A functional chromosome has three essential elements |
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Definition
1. A pair of telomeres
2. A centromere
3. An origin of replication |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment point for spindle microtubules |
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Term
| Chromosomes are classified into four types on the basis of the location of the centromere: |
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Definition
1. metacentric
2. submetacentric
3. acrocentric
4. telocentric |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell grows, develops, and functions |
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Term
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Definition
mitotic phase
period of active cell division
includes mitosis and cytokinesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A gene is the molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. |
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Definition
| one of a number of alternative forms of the same gene or same genetic locus. It is the alternative form of a gene for a character producing different effects |
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Term
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Definition
| In genetics, a locus is the specific location of a gene or DNA sequence or position on a chromosome |
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Definition
| involves the breeding of a dominant trait individual with a recessive individual |
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Term
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Definition
: Incomplete dominance is a form of intermediate inheritance in which one allele for a specific trait is not completely dominant over the other allele.
Red + white = pink |
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Term
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Definition
| These are X-shaped chromosomes, with the centromere in the middle so that the two arms of the chromosomes are almost equal. |
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Term
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Definition
| If the p (short) arm is so short that it is hard to observe, but still present |
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Term
| Loss of function mutation |
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Definition
| result in the gene product having less or no function. |
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Term
| Gain of function mutation |
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Definition
| change the gene product such that it gains a new and abnormal function. These mutations usually have dominant phenotypes. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a mutant copy of a gene that completely lacks that gene's normal function |
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Term
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Definition
| one in which the amino acid substitution only partially disrupts the function of the protein; in bacteria this is usually manifested by reduced growth rate. |
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Term
| Halpoinsufficient mutation |
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Definition
| occurs when a diploid organism has only a single functional copy of a gene (with the other copy inactivated by mutation) and the single functional copy does not produce enough of a gene product (typically a protein) to bring about a wild-type condition, leading to an abnormal or diseased state. |
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Term
| Generally, mutations effect phenotype in one of two ways: |
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Definition
1. Alter amino acid composition of proteins (changes structure, therefore, function)
2. Alter amount of protein made compared to wild type |
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