Term
|
Definition
| the study of heredity and genes on chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the physical nature of the genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| changes in genetic content of population (how the genetics evolve) |
|
|
Term
| Six Common Model Organisms |
|
Definition
| Fruit fly, E. Coli bacteria, Roundworm, Thale Cress Plant, House Mouse, Baker's yeast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Principles of heredity, independent assortment, law of segregrations, worked with 7 characteristics of pea plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| theory of evolution via natural selection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proposed that genes were on chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fruit fly model, population genetics |
|
|
Term
| Flow of genetic informaiton |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Permanent heritable changes in DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The chromosomes contract and become visible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the chromosomes continue to condense, begin synapsis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the chromosomes become shorter and thicker, crossing over occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the centromeres of the paired chromosomes move apart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the place where homologs are crossed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the chromosomes condense and the chiasmata move to the ends of the chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the four part structure that forms during the prophase of meiosis. Consist of two homogolous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a genetic factor (region of DNA) that helps determine a characteristic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of two or more alternate forms of a gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific place on a chromosome occupied by an allele |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Set of alleles possessed by an individual organism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The appearance or manifestation of a character |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An individual possessing two different alleles at a locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An individual organism possessing two of the same alleles at a locus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When one allele effects how another allele is expressed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the phenotype of one of the homozygotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate (falls within the range) between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Phenotype of the heterozygote includes the phenotypes of both homozygotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| percentage of a population having a particular genotype that express the expected phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the degree to which a characteristic is expressed in an individual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does recombination occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linked genes demonstrate independent assortment. T/F |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genetic phenomenon of segregation is due to: |
|
Definition
| separating of parental alleles after metaphase I |
|
|
Term
| Five Stages of Prophase I? |
|
Definition
| Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene, Diakinesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telaphase, cytokensis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Prophase I, Metaphase I, Anaphase I,Telophase I, Cytokinesis, Interkinesis, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telophase II, Cytokinesis |
|
|
Term
| Two mechanisms responsible for genetic variation? |
|
Definition
| crossing over and the random distribution of maternal and paternal chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female diploid plant cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Female haploid plant cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the other sperm fuses with two nuclei to form the endosperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes synapse, crossing over takes place, nuclear envelope breaks down and mitotic spindle forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The two chromosomes (each with two chromatids) of each homologous pair seperate and move toward opposite poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The cytoplasm divides to produce two cells, each having half the original number of chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In some types of cells, the spindle breaks down, chromosomes relax, and a nuclear envelope re-forms, but no DNA synthesis takes place |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes condense, the spindle forms, and the nuclear envelope disintegrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sister chromatids separate and move as individual chromosomes toward the spindle poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles; the spindle breaks down and nuclear envelope reforms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exchange of genes between nonsister chromatids from different homologous chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a protein that holds the chromatids together and is the key to the behavior of chromosomes in mitosis and meiosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein that protects the cohesin protein, only occurs in anaphase I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| those between parents that differed in a single characteristic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| states that each individual diploid organism possesses two alleles for any particular characteristic that can separate when gametes are formed |
|
|
Term
| Chromosome theory of heredity |
|
Definition
| the theory that genes are located on chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one individual of unknown genotype is crossed with another individual with homozygous recessive genotype for the trait in question |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the common allele for a character, is often symbolized with a plus sign. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of independent assortment |
|
Definition
| Mendel, states that alleles at different loci separate independent of one another |
|
|
Term
| goodness of fit chi-square test |
|
Definition
| used to evaluate thee role of chance in producing deviations between observed and expected values |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organism that has either male or female parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sex is determined by the number of chromosomes in the cell instead of by sex cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when sex is genetically determined but there are no obvious differences in the chromosomes of the males and females; there are no sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small regions containing the same genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| females are heterogamatic and males are homogamatic |
|
|
Term
| Sequential hermaphroditism |
|
Definition
| each individual animal can be both male and female but not at the same time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there is only 1 X chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there are 2 X chromosomes and a Y |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there are multiple X chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sex is determined by ratio of the number of x chromosomes to the number of total chromosomes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain genetic information, at least 2 X chromosomes are needed to be fertile, multiple X chromosome may cause mental problems, Y is needed for a male, at least 1 X is needed for development |
|
|
Term
| Sex-linked characteristics |
|
Definition
| characteristics that are determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the two X chromosomes fail to separate during anaphase I |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carrying only 1 copy of a gene. Ex - genes that are X-lined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equalizes the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes in the two sexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centromere is in the center |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centromere is just above the middle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centromere is toward the top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| centromere is at the very top |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the nuclear envelope disintegrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward the spindle poles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chromosomes arrive at spindle poles, the nuclear envelope reforms and the condensed chromosomes relax |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasm divides; cell wall forms in plant cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross between a F1 genotype and either of the parental genotypes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cross between a F1 genotype and either of the parental genotypes |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of using a fruit fly |
|
Definition
| small size, short generation time, lay 400-500 eggs, easy to culture in a lab, small genome, large chromosomes, many mutations available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when there are too many X chromosomes, it equalizes the amount of protein produced by X-linked genes in the two sexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one of the X chromosomes in inactivated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the effects of genes at one locus depend on the presence of genes at the other loci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the gene that is masked by the epistatic gene |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parents that are homozygous for different mutations are crossed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when an individual possessing two mutant genes has a wild-type phenotype and is an indicator that mutations are nonallelic genes |
|
|
Term
| sex-limited characteristics |
|
Definition
| characteristics that are expressed in only one sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when some of the genetic information is contained in the cytoplasm; cytoplasmic genes are usually inherited from only one parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear genotype of the maternal parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genes whose expression is affected by the sex of the transmitting parent; epigentics |
|
|
Term
| discontinuous characteristics |
|
Definition
| characteristics that only have a few variations (ex: blood type) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when one gene affects multiple characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the pheotype that is expressed due to enviornmental factors is the same as one produced by a certain genotype |
|
|
