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Definition
| basic unit of biological information, factor that controls a trait, specific segment of DNA in a discrete region of a chromosome that serves as a unit of function by encoding a particular RNA or protein |
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| passage of characteristics from parents to offspring |
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| Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya |
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| extremophiles, prokaryotes, unicellular, asexual |
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| metabolic diversity, unicellular, asexual |
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| Plants, animals, fungi, protists; multicellular and known for complexity, sexual reproduction |
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Definition
DNA -------> RNA ---------> Proteins
(transcription) (translation)
Francis Crick |
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| Mendel's First Law of Segregation |
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Definition
| two alleles for each trait separate during gamete formation and then unite at random, one from each parent at fertilization |
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| a cross used to determine the genotype of an individual showing a dominant phenotype by mating with an individual showing recessive phenotype, crossing F2 with a recessive homozygote |
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| a statistical hypothesis to be tested and either accepted or rejected in favor of an alternative |
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| F1 progeny crossed with one of the parents, labradoodle, backcrossing to get more characteristics of one parent |
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| different forms of a factor |
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| selfing, fertilization in which both egg and pollen come from the same plant |
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| crosses in which the traits in the males and females are reversed, thereby controlling whether a particular trait is transmitted by the egg or pollen |
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| specialized haploid cells that carry genes between generations, eggs or sperm |
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| heterozygotes are more vigorous |
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| Mendel's 2nd Law of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| the random distribution of different genes during gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other |
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Definition
| a state you can't determine, determined by the system's predictable actions and by random element |
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| the probability that any of two or more mutually exclusive events will occur is the sum of their individual probabilities |
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| states that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together is the product of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself |
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Definition
P = n!p^sq^tr^u …
s!t!u! … |
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Definition
| an individual affected with a disorder who is the first subject in a study |
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| close mating, like first cousins |
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| expression of heterozygous genotype resulting in hybrid offspring that resemble both parents equally for a particular trait |
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| a locus with two or more distinct alleles in a population |
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| dominance relations of all possible pairs of alleles are arranged in order from most dominant to most recessive |
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| inheritance of alleles at 2 different genes |
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| a gene interaction in which the effects of an allele at one gene hide the effects of alleles at another gene |
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Definition
| the effects of a dominant allele at one gene hide the effects of alleles at another gene |
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| special case of epistasis in which the allele causing the epistasis is recessive |
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Definition
| describes an allele of one gene that masks the effects of one or more allele of another gene |
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Definition
| the phenotype is masked by the expression of an allele at a separate locus, epistatic event, masked by an epistatic gene |
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Definition
| process in which heterozygosity for chromosomes bearing mutant recessive alleles for two different genes produces a normal phenotype |
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Definition
| kill organism in homozygous and heterozygous state, most dead before born |
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Definition
| kill organism in homozygous state, heterozygotes are carriers |
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| Incomplete dominant lethal |
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Definition
| homozygotes recessive are lethal, homozygotes dominants are normal, and heterozygotes look different |
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Definition
| heterozygous individuals of normal phenotype that have a recessive allele for a trait |
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Definition
| phenomenon in which a single gene determines a number of distinct and seemingly unrelated characteristics |
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Definition
| less than 100% of people with a given genotype show the phenotype |
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| how intense the phenotype is expressed, different levels in individuals with the same genotype |
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| genes that produce a subtle, secondary effect on phenotype |
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| Eukaryotic structure, nuclear membrane surrounds,contains DNA |
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| multiple, linear DNA, genome |
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| one of two copies of a chromosome that exist immediately after DNA replication |
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| Relaxed and Condensed Chromosome |
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Definition
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Definition
| small DNA binding proteins, fundamental protein components of nucleosomes, basic-positively charged |
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| rudimentary DNA packaging unit; composed of DNA wrapped around a histone protein core |
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| Scaffold Associated Regions |
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Definition
| SARs special, irregulary spaced repetitive base sequences of DNA that associate with nonhistone proteins to define chromatin loops. Most likely the sites at which DNA is anchored to the condensation scaffold |
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| generic term for any complex of DNA and protein found in a cell's nucleus |
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| two identical copies of a chromosome that exist immediately after DNA replication, held together by cohesins |
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| specialized chromosome region at which sister chromatids are connected and to which spindle fibers attach during cell division |
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Definition
| specialized chromosomal structure composed of DNA and proteins that is the site at which chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers |
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Definition
| nuclear organizing region-2nd constriction site, site of rRNA synthesis, nucleolus |
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Definition
| specialized terminal structures on eukaryotic chromosomes that ensure the maintenance and accurate replication of the two ends of each linear chromosome |
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Definition
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| Constant amount of DNA in one genome- 1c |
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Definition
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| Homologous chromosomes or homologs |
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Definition
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| Sex determination by environment |
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Definition
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| Sex determination by ploidy |
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Definition
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| Sex determination by Sex locus |
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Definition
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| Sex determination by Sex chromosomes |
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Definition
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| Homomorphic, homogametic, heteromorphic, heterogametic |
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Definition
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| Interphase, G1, S, G2, G0 |
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Definition
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| Mitosis, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
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Definition
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Definition
2^n
2^1= 2 phenotypes
2^2= 4 phenotypes |
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Term
| Expected # of gametes in F1 |
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Definition
2^n
monohybrid cross: 2^1=2 gametes-> 2*2= 4
dihybrid cross: 2^2= 4 gametes -> 4*4= 16 progeny |
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Definition
3^n
monohybrid: 3^1=3
dihybrid: 3^2= 9 genotypes
tetrahybrid: 3^3=27 genotypes |
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