Term
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Definition
| physical interaction between two bacterial cells (donor f+/recipient F- |
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Term
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Definition
| transference of genetic material via a virus |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic material is released into and taken in from the environment |
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Term
| types of genetic transfer |
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Definition
| conjugation, transduction, transformation |
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Term
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Definition
| an extra-chromosomal DNA molecule, generally circular and double-stranded |
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Term
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Definition
| products necessary for transfer between touching bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| necessary for conjugation, is present on plasmid |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches to recipient cell and draws the two bacteria together |
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Term
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Definition
| forms between cells where genetic material can pass from donor cell to recipient cell |
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Term
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Definition
| attaches to recipient cell and draws the two bacteria together |
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Term
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Definition
| forms between cells where genetic material can pass from donor cell to recipient cell |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| protein complex which recognizes the origin of transfer in the F factor, cuts the plasmid on one strand |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer DNA, single stranded and has the relaxase nucleoprotein at one end |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleoprotein that is recognized by a coupling factor on the exporter |
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Term
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Definition
| protein complex on the membrane of donor cell that allows the T DNA to be transferred to the recipient cell |
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Term
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Definition
| F factor that contains genes that were once part of the bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| high frequency of recombination; F factor that has become integrated into the bacterial chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| crossing over between plasmid and chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| composed of genetic material surrounded by protein coat; can "high jack" DNA replication of the host cell |
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Term
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Definition
| immediate production of viral parts until cell bursts |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment, entry replication, assembly release |
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Term
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Definition
| integrated into host DNA and replicates with DNA until something triggers it into lytic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| attachment, injection, integration, cell multiplication |
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Term
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Definition
| any piece of the bacterial chromosomal DNA can be incorporated into a phage |
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Term
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Definition
| when a bacteriophage packages a single piece of the chromosome that carries two genes and transfer it to another bacterium |
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Term
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Definition
| when living bacteria take up pieces of DNA from dead bacteria in the environment |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that are able to take up DNA because they possess genes that encode for competence factors |
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Term
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Definition
| machinery needed to bring DNA across the cell membrane and incorporate it into the host chromosome |
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Term
| Oswald Avery and Collin McLeod |
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Definition
| worked with S strain and R strain of streptococcus pneumonia to determine if bacteria can change from one form to another |
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Term
| artificial transformation |
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Definition
| forcing of DNA into cells |
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Term
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Definition
| uses electric currents to force DNA into cells |
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Term
| ways to accomplish artificial transformation |
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Definition
| electroporation, heat shock, chemically |
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Term
| How is artificial transformation done with chemicals? |
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Definition
| high concentration of calcium ions |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer between two different species |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How much of the genes of E coli and Salmonella typhimurium have been acquired horizontally? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is antibiotic resistance acquired among bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the genotype of mother is expressed in the phenotype of her offspring, regardless of the genotype of the father or offspring themselves |
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Term
| What surrounds the oocytes(n)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why does the maternal phenotype show up in offspring? |
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Definition
| nurse cells produce gene products that can be transported to the oocyte and this assistance can persist after the egg has been fertilized |
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Term
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Definition
| a pattern in which a modification occurs to a nuclear gene or chromosome that alters gene expression, but it is not permanent over the course of many generations |
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Term
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Definition
| one sex chromosome is altered with the result that males and females have similar levels of gene expression |
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Term
| How is dosage compensation in placental mammals accomplished? |
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Definition
| random inactivation of one X chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a short region on the X chromosome that plays a critical role in X inactivation |
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Term
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Definition
| within the Xic region and codes for a long RNA molecule that binds to one of the X chromosomes and promotes its compaction |
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Term
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Definition
| to some degree affects which X chromosome is inactivated |
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Term
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Definition
| encodes for an RNA that is complementary to the Xist RNA; binds to Xist RNA and prevents it from inactivating the X chromosome |
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Term
| What genes are expressed on inactivated X chromosomes? |
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Definition
| Xist (necessary for compaction) and psuedoautosomal genes |
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Term
| Number of Barr bodies in a normal female? |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of Barr bodies in a normal male? |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of Barr bodies in an individual with Turner Syndrome (XO)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of Barr bodies in an individual with triple X syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of Barr bodies in an individual with Klinefelter syndrome (XXY)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sex-determining region Y; gene located on the p arm just outside the pseudoautosomal region; |
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Term
| What does SRY gene trigger? |
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Definition
| conversion of embryo into a male |
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Term
| Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) |
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Definition
| males without the ability to respond to male hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| type of marking process with memory |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of DNA is marked and expressed throughout the life of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| expression of either the maternal or paternal gene |
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Term
| What X in marsupials is always inactivated in somatic cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| differentially methylated regions |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How do DMRs silence gene expression? |
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Definition
| they contain binding sites for one or more proteins that regulate the transcription of nearby genes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the size of human mtDNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the size of cpDNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does extranuclear genetic material follow Mendelian inheritance? |
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Definition
| no because mitochondria and chloroplast do not segregate into gametes in the same way as nuclear chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| when a cell contains variations in a type of organelle (wild type and mutant) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in species where maternal inheritance is usually observed, the paternal parent on rare occasions may provide mitochondria via the sperm |
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Term
| What is the ratio of paternal to maternal mitochondria? |
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Definition
| about 1-4 paternal for every 100,000 maternal |
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Term
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Definition
| large change in chromosome structure |
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Term
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Definition
| change in chromosome number |
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Term
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Definition
| centromere is in the middle of the chromosome (p=q arm) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| very short p and really long q arm |
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Term
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Definition
| p arm is lost, only q is present |
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Term
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Definition
| graphic representation of the chromosomes within a cell matched up |
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Term
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Definition
| staining procedure where mild heat or enzymes partially digest chromosome proteins, then chromosomes are exposed to Giesma dye and some regions bind more heavily so chromosomes can be distinguished and abnormalities can be detected |
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Term
| What are the two ways chromosomes can be altered? |
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Definition
| genetic material within a single chromosome can be changed or material within one or more chromosomes can be rearranged |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome segment is lost |
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Term
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Definition
| a section of a chromosome is repeated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a segment attaches to a different chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| piece of chromosome is attached to another |
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Term
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Definition
| two different chromosomes exchange pieces |
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Term
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Definition
| a single break and piece without centromere is lost |
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Term
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Definition
| central fragment is lost and two outer pieces reattach to each other |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of p arm in a single copy of chromosome 5 is missing |
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Term
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Definition
| deletion in paternal chromosome 15 |
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Term
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Definition
| deletion in maternal chromosome 15 |
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Term
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Definition
| deletion in a specific region of chromosome 17 |
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Term
| Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome |
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Definition
| deletion of short arm of chromosome 16 |
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Term
| What do duplications occur from? |
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Definition
| unequal crossing-over between homologous chromosomes or unequal sister chromatid exchange |
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Term
| What diseases are caused by duplications? |
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Definition
| Charcot-Marie tooth disease and bar-eye phenotype in fruit flies |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of two or more genes that are similar |
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Term
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Definition
| two or more genes that are derived from a single ancestral gene |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous genes within a single species |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous genes found in multiple species |
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Term
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Definition
| segment of chromosome is flipped in opposite direction |
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Term
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Definition
| centromere lies within the inverted region |
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Term
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Definition
| centromere is found outside the inverted region |
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Term
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Definition
| individual with one normal and one inverted chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| loop formed during meiosis I to permit homologous genes to align |
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Term
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Definition
| ends of chromosomes containing tandemly repeated sequences |
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Term
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Definition
| broken ends of chromosomes that lack telomeres |
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Term
| Robertsonian translocation |
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Definition
| centromeric region of two nonhomologous acrocentric chromosomes become fused to form a single chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| total chromosome number that is an exact multiple of a chromosome set |
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Term
| How many chromosomes do humans have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| three sets of chromosomes (3n) |
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Term
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Definition
| three or more sets of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| alteration in chromosome number so that the total number is NOT an exact multiple of a set |
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Term
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Definition
| (2n+1) diploid cell with one extra chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| (2n-1) diploid cell missing a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when either homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids do not segregate properly |
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Term
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Definition
| the occurrence of polyploid tissues or cells in organisms that are otherwise diploid |
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Term
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Definition
| a bundle of chromosomes that lie together in a parallel fashion formed by repeated rounds of replication without cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| used to increase ploidy level in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| will produce haploid cells with too many or too few chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| having more than two sets of chromosomes from the same species |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism with sets of chromosomes from two or more different species |
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Term
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Definition
| diploid for two genomes each from a different species |
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Term
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Definition
| evolutionarily related chromosomes from two species that can properly synapse during meiosis to create haploid gametes |
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Term
| non-homeologous chromosomes |
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Definition
| chromosomes from two species that cannot properly synapse |
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Term
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Definition
| individual cells are mixed together and made to fuse |
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Term
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Definition
| a plant cell without a cell wall |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell containing two separate nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell where two separate nuclei have fused |
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Term
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Definition
| inducement of egg to begin development without fertilization |
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Term
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Definition
| used to produce diploid plants that are homozygous for all genes |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of DNA and RNA structure and function at the molecular level |
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Term
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Definition
| the repeating structural unit of nucleic acids that is composed of a phosphate group, a pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| cytosine, uracil, and thymine |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogenous base attached only to a sugar |
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Term
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Definition
| linkage between two carbons and a phosphate group through two oxygens |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| discovered the amount of A=T and G=C |
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Term
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Definition
| suggested DNA was composed of two or more strands with ten bases per turn |
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Term
| Watson, Crick, and Wilkins |
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Definition
| discovered the double helix DNA molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| double stranded with ten base pairs per 360 degree around backbone |
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Term
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Definition
| stabilizes DNA double strand |
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Term
| Chargaff's Rule (AT/GC rule) |
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Definition
| purines always bond with pyrimidines |
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Term
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Definition
| right handed; 10bp per 360 degrees; H bonds between bp occur perpendicular relative to central axis |
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Term
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Definition
| right handed; 11bp per 360 degrees; H bonds substantially tilted relative to central axis; occurs under low humidity |
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Term
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Definition
| left handed; 12bp per 360 degrees; zigzag appearance; H bonds substantially tilted; occurs at high ionic strength; favored by sequence that alternates between purines and pyrimidines |
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Term
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Definition
| triple helix; synthetic DNA binds into major grooves of natural DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| necessary for compaction of DNA |
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