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| an inner cell mass that forms in the developing embryo |
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| when cells become different |
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| embryonic stem cells; can become any kind of cell |
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| adult stem cells; can become many different kinds but are limited |
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| in every one of our organs, there are some cells that are stem cells |
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| adult stem cells are found... |
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| Embryonic Stem cell research cons |
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| requires destroying embryos; new stem cell lines cant be started; not yet proven as successful |
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| Embryonic Stem cell research pros |
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| totipotency means more differentiation |
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| Adult Stem Cell research cons |
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| harder to get, harder to keep going; pluripotent so cant be as many things |
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| Adult Stem Cell Research pros |
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| less ethical issues (not destroying embryos); more promising results |
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| spinal cord injuries; Parkinson's disease; diabetes; alzheimer's disease (stopping/reversing effects--positive research) |
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| -nucleic acids; double helicle/ladder of sugar and phosphates (bases in between); |
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| it carries life's instructions |
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| all living things share teh same DNA, therefore all life arose (evolved) from a common ancestor (is this true or false??) |
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| 1) it can replicate (2) it stores information (3) it can express information (4) located in the nucleus (5) protein is made outside the nucleus in ribosomes (6) DNA cant leave the nucleus b/c it's too big |
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| How can DNA control #'s/types of protein? |
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| an intermediate molecule is involved: (1) messenger RNA--the code in DNA is converted to MRNA thru transcription; a protein is made of long chains of amino acids; they must use the code on MRNA (2) Transfer RNA--brings in amino acids--translation (3) Ribosomal RNA--ribosomes are our workbench (4) change--mutation: can be good or bad, natural selection, mutation in body cells is not transmittable (only in gametes) |
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| Deoxyribonucleic Acid--it is a POLYmer made of many individual units called MONOmers or nucleotides |
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| 3 things--sugar/phosphate/base |
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cytosine. thymine. (single ring)
adenine. guanine (double ring) |
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| How do we build the ladder? |
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| we must match the big base w/ the little one--so, C goes w/ A or G and T goes with A or G; when we join bases together, we have to create chemical bonds; 2 bonds b/w 2 bases, 3 bonds w/ other 2 bases; THE BASES CAN ONLY LINK IN ONE WAY: A with T, and C with G |
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| How does DNA make a copy of itself? |
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| it unwinds; bonds are broken b/w the bases; there is a pattern of exposed bases; they can only fit together in one way; copy of each strand is made. |
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| If DNA is all the same, what makes us different? |
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| the sequence of the bases (ie--the gene for hair color is 10, 750 base pairs) 4^6--256 possible combinations **DNA is a simple molecule made different only by the sequence of the bases** |
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| the differ in each cell; the nucleus determines amt/type of proteins in each cell; |
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| drive chemical reactions; (tyroinase: determines skin pigment) |
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| DNA is the only molecule that can... |
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| responsible for how a protein turns out |
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| more facts about DNA replication |
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| DNA molecule must unzip/unwind to make a copy of itself; enzymes (regulatory protein) are necessary for this process; an exposed piece of DNA w/ bases extended out; other bases that will come in must be complimentary to the original fragment |
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| PCR--Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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| a technique where if only a little bit of DNA is present, we can make more copies of it--this process involves building more DNA by adding bases one at a time. (ie--using the gene for human insulin production and using it in bacterial cells to produce it) |
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| 3 differences b/w RNA and DNA |
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| sugar, base, single or double strand (ie--proteins like cartilage and colagen make up body parts like nose, ears, and lips) |
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| *parts of MRNA are cut out so that the strand is reduced; we are cutting out stuff we dont use anymore and genes that have evolved |
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| a change that occurs in biological systems; to transform something, you have to alter DNA; **it is a deliberate change in the DNA of an organism** |
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| extra chromosomal pices of DNA--found in bacteria cells; antibiotic resistance; resistant to "heavy metals" |
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| something that carries something |
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| genes are often inserted, such as insulin, they are placed on plasmid, go into bacteria cell, as cells divide, they will be factories that produce insulin |
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| Restriction Nucleases ("enzymatic scissors") |
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| they will recognize certain things and cut DNA in certain spots; they chop DNA into pieces so that they dont work; they come from viruses and work as defense mechanisms |
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| used to figure out what particular gene you're working with; |
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| this is a solution placed into a pitridish with other plasmids--if they die and dont grow, it means they cant resist AMPr, but if bacteria is growing on the plate, then that means they have the gene for AMPr and can resist it |
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| differences b/w DNA and RNA |
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| DNA--2 strands, thicker; RNA--one strand, not as thick; different sugars; different bases--instead of thymine (DNA), RNA has uracil |
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| To build proteins we need... |
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| ribosomes (rRNA), mRNA, and tRNA molecules |
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| Proteins have different structure b/c... |
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| they are made different by the numbers of amino acids |
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| a change in a gene's nucleotide base sequence that is rare and can cause a mutant phenotype; several types of mutations can affect a gene; mutations in globin genes may affec the ability of blood to transport oxygen, or have no effect |
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| carries a protein-encoding gene's information |
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| associates with certain proteins to form ribosomes, which physically support protein synthesis |
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| clover-leaf shaped, with a three base anticodon that is complementary to mRNA on one end and bonds to a particular amino acid on the other end |
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| in complex organisms, they regulate which genes are transcribed in a particular cell type |
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| each three consecutive mRNA bases form a codon that specifies a particular amino acid |
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| the correspondence b/w each codon and the amino acid it specifies; in the 1960's, researchers used logic and clever experiments that used synthetic RNA's to decipher genetic code |
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