Term
|
Definition
| the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) that is taken up through the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| Frederick Griffith experiment |
|
Definition
| his experiment discovered transformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| their experiment showed that DNA was the transforming principle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found that DNA not protein was genetic material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytosine + deoxyribose sugar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytosine + ribose sugar + phosphate groupl |
|
|
Term
purines=pyrimidines
amino bases= keto bases
A=T
G=C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| right handed double helix; Watson and Crick; 10 bp per turn; majority conformation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Right handed helix; less hydrated; no biological significance but to study duplexes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| left handed double helix; zigzagging sugar-phosphates; can appear in sections of B-DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence that shifts to Z-DNA |
|
|
Term
individuality: knows own DNA and destroys others
Repair: new strand during replication is not methylated yet. when a bp mistake comes, it knows to correct the newer strand and not change the existing DNA
Gene Activity: methylating turns gene activity on and off |
|
Definition
| 3 reasons for modified base pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic unit of chromotin; double wrap of DNA around histone; superhelix; |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the packing of DNA as a 30nm fiber of chromatin and results from the helical winding of at least five nucleosome strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| maintains 3D conformation of DNA; DNA winder and unwinder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stabilizer molecule of histone |
|
|
Term
| nucleosomes - solenoids - radial loops - compaction and scaffolding of radial loops |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotes or prokaryotes? high repetitive DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of highly repetitive DNA,[1] and is so called because repetitions of a short DNA sequence tend to produce a different frequency of the nucleotides adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine, and thus have a different density from bulk DNA - such that they form a second band when genomic DNA is separated on a density gradient. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate at which fragmented DNA reconnects |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has faster reannealing rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentrative vs time; shows number of repetitive base pairs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| base pair with high melting point |
|
|
Term
| reannealing rates, cot analysis, melting temp. |
|
Definition
| 3 methods for analyzing repetitive sequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dark staining; equal histone content; late S phase replication; differences in acidic protein content |
|
|
Term
| constitutive heterochromatin |
|
Definition
| heterochromatin in same specific regions of all chromosomes, genetically inactive; with lots of repeated sequences; telomeres and centromeres |
|
|
Term
| facultative heterochromatin |
|
Definition
| heterochromatin in different areas and not in every cell; eg X chromosome inactivation |
|
|
Term
| Meselson-Stahl experiment |
|
Definition
| experiment that disproved conservative and dispersive models |
|
|
Term
| Conservative model of DNA replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Semiconservative model for DNA replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dispersive model of DNA replication |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| studied ingredients for DNA replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used heavy hydridine to enlarge DNA and see two replicating forks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| n intermediate structure formed during the replication of a circular DNA molecule (prokaryote DNA), two replication forks can proceed independently around the DNA ring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| single stranded DNA binging proteins |
|
Definition
| keep separated DNA strands from coming together |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5' to 3' fragments on lagging strand |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replaces RNA primers with DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| main polymerase in replication (notes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymerase for DNA repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replicates and repairs mitochondrial DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that relieves strain while double-stranded DNA is being unwound by helicase; a topoisomerase II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cuts one strand of a DNA double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cuts both strands of one DNA double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rna thats processed to produce messenger RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the RNA that carries genetic instruction from DNA to carry out protein synthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the structure of ribosomes which is made in the nuclear organizer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry amino acids to protein synthesis on ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| function in removing sequences from RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| super small; blocks expression of mRNAs; REGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION |
|
|
Term
| asymetrical transcription |
|
Definition
| one strand only transcribed |
|
|
Term
| sigma subunit of RNA polymerase |
|
Definition
| initiation factor for RNA synthesis that binds to promoter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end signal causes termination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the only enzyme that transcribes ribosomal RNA (rRNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA (mRNA primary transcript) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcribes DNA to synthesize ribosomal 5S rRNA, tRNA and other small RNAs (tRNA) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules, on average only 22 nucleotides long and are found in all eukaryotic cells. they are post-transcriptional regulators that bind to complementary sequences on target messenger RNA transcripts (mRNAs), usually resulting in translational repression and gene silencing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An mRNA that codes for more than one protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| make polycistronic RNA and no introns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relationship between two strands of a DNAs double helix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dna molecule that contains extra twists as a result of over winding |
|
|
Term
| nonhistone chromosomal proteins |
|
Definition
| acidic proteins in chromosome that are not histones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides chromosomal structure using non histonal proteins even without histones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that degrades nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that cleaves nucleic acids at internal sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enzyme that degrades nucleic acids starting at one or both ends |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5-3 polymerase; 3-5 exonuclease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5-3 polymerase; 3-5 exonuclease; 5-3 exonuclease on single strand only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequences of DNA that can move themselves to new positions within the genome of a single cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repetitive DNA fragments which are inserted into chromosomes after they had been reverse transcribed from any RNA molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LINEs code for the enzyme reverse transcriptase, and many also code for an endonuclease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short DNA sequences (<500 bases[14]) that represent reverse-transcribed RNA molecules originally transcribed by RNA polymerase III into tRNA, rRNA, and other small nuclear RNAs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic elements transcribed to an RNA using an RNA polymerase II promoter that resides inside the LINE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| section of DNA used to make RNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cleave brand new 3' end of mRNA and add synthesizes polyadenylated tail by adding adenine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| base pairs that indicate start of intron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| base pairs that indicate end of intron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecule that mediates splicing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excised intron in loop structure |
|
|
Term
| initiation, elongation, termination |
|
Definition
| three steps of translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first codon and amino acid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| second translational site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are RNA-protein complexes that combine with unmodified pre-mRNA and various other proteins to form a spliceosome, a large RNA-protein molecular complex upon which splicing of pre-mRNA occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an RNA molecule possessing a well defined tertiary structure that enables it to catalyze a chemical reaction |
|
|
Term
| more than one mRNA from one gene based on splicing different parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on 3' end of tRNA there is a specific 3 aminoacid sequence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DNA from reverse transcription |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ DNA has no introns and therefore can be put in bacteria to make the bacteria produce proteins we need like.. ______ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein structure: linear sequence on amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| spiral or pleated compilation or amino acid sequence |
|
|
Term
| alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
|
Definition
| two secondary structure configuration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| read one strand of mRNA simultaneously, helping to synthesize the same protein at different spots on the mRNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| putting the amino acid onto its tRNA |
|
|
Term
| aminoacyl-tRNA-synthetase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| codon that calls for no amino acid but the end of translation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transcription and translation happen simultaneously in... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An allele whose phenotype is indistinguishable from that of a different mutant allele at the same locus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mutation that has wild-type (or less severe) phenotype under certain "permissive" environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a point mutation that restores the original sequence and hence the original phenotype |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| point mutations where a single nucleotide is changed to cause substitution of a different amino acid. This in turn can render the resulting protein nonfunctional. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another mutation that can supress the effects of a current mutation |
|
|
Term
| intragenic and extragenic |
|
Definition
| two different types of suppressor mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| and agent that increases the rate of mutation |
|
|
Term
| transition base pair substitutions |
|
Definition
| mutation where purine replaces purine and pyrimidine replaces pyrimidine |
|
|
Term
| transversion base pair substitution |
|
Definition
| purine replaced by pyrimidine and vice verse in base pair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutation where gene product is non functional |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutation where some function still remains in a nonfunctional gene product |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mutations that do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trinucleotide amplified in tandem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a genetic phenomenon by which certain genes are expressed in a parent-of-origin-specific manner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sequence with high frequency of mutations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecular lesions formed from thymine or cytosine bases in DNA via photochemical reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a derivative of the nucleobase guanine in which a methyl group is attached to the oxygen atom. It base-pairs to thymine rather than cytidine, causing a G:C to T:A mutation in DNA. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair of a mutation but undoing mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair of mutation my removing mutation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| uniquely prokaryotic repair mechanism in which a mutation is removed and a base is thrown in, adenine if its unsure; highly error prone but helpful in large mutation areas |
|
|
Term
| UDS - unscheduled DNA sythesis |
|
Definition
| DNA synthesis out of S phase of interphase |
|
|
Term
| apurinic/apyrimidinic ( missing base) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removes specific mutated base in base excision repair |
|
|
Term
| nucleotide and base excision repair |
|
Definition
| two types of excision repair |
|
|
Term
| damage avoidance and translesion synthesis |
|
Definition
| two types of mutation tolerance strategies |
|
|
Term
| postreplication recombinational repair |
|
Definition
| during replication of DNA, synthesization of new DNA for unmutated parent strand and includes other strands DNA to cover for mutated section |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| switching out regular DNA polymerases for specialized translesion polymerases (e.g. DNA polymerase V), often with larger active sites that can facilitate the insertion of bases opposite damaged nucleotides. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nonreciprocal recombination aka ... |
|
|
Term
| nonreciprocal recombination aka ... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| double-stranded molecule of nucleic acid originated through the genetic recombination of single complementary strands derived from different sources |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one gene - one enzyme hypothesis/experiment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to a number of selective processes by which multiple alleles (different versions of a gene) are actively maintained in the gene pool of a population at frequencies above that of gene mutation. This usually happens when the heterozygotes for the alleles under consideration have a higher adaptive value than the homozygote. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is established by a very small number of individuals from a larger population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase genetic drift, as the rate of drift is inversely proportional to the population size. The reduction in a population's dispersal leads, over time, to increased genetic homogeneity |
|
|
Term
| variable penetrance, environmental influence, and polygenic characteristics |
|
Definition
| three difficulties of genetic counseling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fetus analysis using small amount of amniotic fluid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| earlier test than amniocentesis, more miscarraiges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes the physical co-localization of genetic loci on the same chromosome within an individual or species. locus in similar spots in different organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a DNA molecule or RNA molecule, or a region of DNA or RNA, that replicates from a single origin of replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this organism has circular and linear DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic element that can exist either as a plasmid or in the chromosome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| genetic material that is released into the environment by prokaryotic cells, usually upon their lysis. This genetic material is then free to be taken up by other bacteria and used as a template for protein synthesis or broken down for its molecules to be used elsewhere in the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an enzyme that adds DNA sequence repeats ("TTAGGG" in all vertebrates) to the 3' end of DNA strands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post-transcriptional regulators that bind to complementary sequences on target messenger RNA transcripts (mRNAs), usually resulting in translational repression and gene silencing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotic transcription initiation factor that enables specific binding of RNA polymerase to gene promoters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between two cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the uptake, incorporation and expression of exogenous genetic material (exogenous DNA) that is taken up through the cell membrane(s) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process by which DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mRNA thatcarries the information of several genes, which are translated into several proteins |
|
|
