Term
| order of things inside cell |
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Definition
| cell --> nuc. --> 2 copies of chrom. --> chrm pair--> chromosome --> gene (region on chrom) --> DNA |
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Term
| what is backbone of DNA made of |
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Definition
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Term
| How many H bonds in CG?, AT? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin --> scaffold --> nucleosomes --> 8 histones --> centromere, telomere |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are nucleosomes made of? |
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Definition
| 8 proteins called histones |
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Term
| what to histones get turned into? |
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Definition
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Term
| DNA + nucleosomes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many genomes in human genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| nucleotides bonded to backbone how? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many chromosomes in dip, hap? |
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Definition
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Term
| chromosomes: DNA wrapped around ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| histones, --> scaffold, --> chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| extranuclear components came from free-living bacteria (prokaryotes) 1 circular chromosome plasmid and genetic DNA |
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Term
viruses have what type of genome,
bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| out of 26,000, how many genes protein coding, and how many RNA coding? |
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Definition
| 21000 protein coding, 5,000 RNA coding |
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Term
| the 3 categories of 21,000 genes and describe |
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Definition
1. structural - keratin, structure to cell or tissue
2. enzymes - proteins that act as catalysts
3. regulatory - proteins that regulate gene expression |
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Term
| how many genes in vertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many genes in invertebrates? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many genes in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| how many genes in bacteria |
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Definition
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Term
transcription
where? what makes RNA? splicing?+ 2 others, then what? |
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Definition
happens in nucleus, in eukaryotes,
DNA polymerase makes RNA
splicing takes out introns,
poly A tail added to 3' end (post-transcriptional)
cap on 5' end (post-transcriptional)
mRNA into cytoplasm --> ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
found in all vertebrate species
pigment melonin is missing
tirosenase - enzyme req'd to synthesize melonin
WT cell - melanocyte |
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Term
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Definition
| converts tyrosene into melonin -- pigmented cell |
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Term
| mutant/WT not black and white |
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Definition
may be region not important for function
may code for same amino acid
may be included in an intron |
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Term
| discontinuous type of variation |
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Definition
either one trait or the other
ex. winged/wingless fruit |
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Term
| continuous type of variation |
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Definition
variation of phenotypes, see gradation
ex. yarrow, different heights |
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Term
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Definition
different number in each cell membrane
ligand binds to receptor molecule, triggers rxn that may cause mutation of gene in nuc that changes genotype expression |
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Term
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Definition
due to variety of slight differences, 2 cells you'd expect to be same react differently. causes phenotypic variation.
ex. diff # of receptor molecules on cell surface |
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Term
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Definition
environment effects phenotype
dron in # of reactants and raise temp.
different genetic backgrounds react differently to the same variable |
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Term
| error rate of DNA replication? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
bases shift
keto changes into amino form
(C-A) then forms H bonds with wrong base, flips back after makes bond, then mismatch occurs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
roughly 1 kb
gaps joined by DNA polymerase 1
goes from 3'-> 5'
DNA ligase seals gap hydroxyl and 5' hydroxyl |
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Term
| single strand binding protein (SSB) |
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Definition
| keeps DNA from binding to itself |
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Term
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Definition
coordinates synthesis between two 2 strands
types of replisomes:
beta-clamp
topoisomerase |
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Term
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Definition
clamps polymerase to DNA
additional security
also interaction between 2 polymerases to keep them in sync. slows/speeds up polymerase |
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Term
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Definition
when DNA bubble opened, increased strain and tighter coiling of DNA
relieves strain by making sure 1 of 2 ends is not held down
makes a break which allows strain to be released |
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Term
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Definition
when cell goes into senescence, stops replicating and essentially dies
happens everywhere except in germline (gametes)
occurs because of 3' overhang |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs because primer cannot be made at that end, so can't copy that part. |
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Term
| tolermerase, and tolermerase in cancer cells |
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Definition
enzyme active in germline + extends broken end by copying repeat
guide RNA --> has sequence that's complementary to tolomere repeat
90% cancer cells have reactivated tolermerase so can keep living |
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Term
3' overhang in somatic cells
TRF1
TRF2
WRN |
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Definition
tuck into chromosome
TRF1+2 --> proteins associated with protecting 3' end
WRN --> Werner, first recognized by people who have premature aging. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| small interferon RNA (siRNA) |
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Definition
maintains stability of genome
limits viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| fine-scale control of translation |
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Term
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Definition
| make sure cells pass on clean copy of genome (in germline) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
promoter close to +1 site, bacteria uses sequence to know where promoter is
sees need to start transcription at this spot
sigma factor protein recognizes
sigma factor leaves after binding |
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