Term
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Definition
| one of a pair or series of alternative forms of a gene that occur at a given locus in a chromosome; appear as dominate or recessive forms |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome fragment that does not have a centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| polyploids created by hybridization between different species; contribution genomoes are qualitatively different |
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Term
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Definition
| a numerical change in the genome; individuals have an extra chromosome, are missing a chromosome, or have a combination of these anomalies |
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Term
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Definition
| polyploids created by chromosome duplication within a species ; single genome has been multiplied |
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Term
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Definition
| the X chromosome that has been inactivated condenses into a darkly staining structure; becomes attached to the inner surface of the nuclear membrane and replicates out of step with the other chromosomes in the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| pair of associated homologous chromosomes that have undergone the duplication process to form a group of four chromatids |
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Term
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Definition
| a spindle fiber attachment region of the chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| visible change of partners in two of a group of four chromatids; point where one part of two chromatids is exchanged; point of crossing over |
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Term
| Chromatid-type-chromosomal aberrations |
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Definition
| happens after cells have replicated, during G2 |
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Term
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Definition
| colorful chromosome images are created b y treating chromosome spreads with fluorescently labeled DNA fragments that have been isolated and characterized in the laboratory |
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Term
| Chromosomal Theory of Heredity |
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Definition
| the theory that chromosomes carry the genetic information and that their behavior during meiosis provides the physical basis of the segregation and independent assortment |
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Term
| Chromosomal-type-chromosome aberrations |
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Definition
| effects both chromatids; replicates with damages; occurs during G0 or G1 |
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Term
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Definition
| one of the two identical stands resulting from self-duplication of a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the network of thin strands formed by all the chromosomes within the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| the network of thin strands formed by all the chromosomes within the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| two alleles contribute independently to the phenotype of the heterozygote; both alleles are encoding for a gene product |
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Term
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Definition
| one chromosome fuses with its homologue, or two sister chromatids become attached to each other, forming a single genetic unit; can exist stably in a cell if it only has one functional centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| heterozygous is the same as homozygous; one gene is haplosufficient |
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Term
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Definition
| frequency at which two things are the same as each other; used in twin studies |
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Term
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Definition
| condition caused by a deletion in the short arm of chromosome 5; size of deletion varies; individuals heterozygous for the deletion and a normal chromosome have karyotype 46 del(5)(p14) and can be severely mentally and physically retarded |
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Term
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Definition
| process that physically separates the two daughter cells from each other |
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Term
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Definition
| a missing chromosome segment; makes part of the genome haploid in a usually diploid organism, if large enough can have a phenotypic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the pair of homologous chromosomes, still held together by the chiasmata , move to the central plane of the cell that is perpendicular to the axis of the spindle apparatus |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomal fragment that has two centrosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| test if two different traits are inherited independently and which were dominate to the others; progeny appear in a 9:3:3:1 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| separate male and female individuals; plants |
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Term
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Definition
| having two sets of chromosomes (2n); somatic cells (body cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| paired chromosomes of bivalents separate slightly; however they remain in close contact where they have crossed over (at the chiasmata) |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which one member of an allele pair is manifested to the exclusion of the other |
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Term
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Definition
| having an extra chromosome segment; can be attached to one of the chromosome, or it can exist as a new and separate chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| duplication of the chromosomes without division of the nucleus, resulting in increased chromosome number within a cell. Chromosome strands separate, but the cell does not divide |
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Term
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Definition
| when two or more genes influence a trait, an allele of one of them may have an overriding effect on the phenotype; the overriding one is epistatic to the other; genes that are suppressed are said to be hypostatic |
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Term
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Definition
| genetic material that is not stained so intensely by certain dyes during interphase and that comprises many different kinds of genes |
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Term
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Definition
| having complete chromosome sets; n, 2n, 3n,… |
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Term
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Definition
| extent to which a genotype is shown through by the phenotype, can be variable; not manifested uniformly |
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Term
| Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) |
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Definition
| In situ hybridization performed using a DNA or RNA probe coupled to a fluorescent dye |
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Term
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Definition
| dominant mutations; a mutation that endows a gene product with a new function |
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Term
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Definition
| a hereditary determinant of a specific biological function, a segment of DNA (a unit of inheritance) located in a fixed position on a chromosome encoding one polypeptide |
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Term
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Definition
| genes are inherited together on the same chromosome; can be proven when parent diatype is more prevalent then recombinant(non-parental) |
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Term
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Definition
| a diagram of a chromosome with distances based on recombination frequencies; measured in centiMorgans |
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Term
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Definition
| a complete set (n) of chromosome inherited as a unit from one parent |
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Term
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Definition
| the genetic constitution of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive tissue of an organism; diploid cells specified to produce gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| having one copy of each chromosome (n); in gametes/sex cells; defines a set of chromosomes called the haploid genome |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism that has only one copy of a gene, common in sex (X) linked genes where father only has one X |
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Term
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Definition
| males and female reproductive cells in the same individual |
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Term
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Definition
| when they produce two kinds of gametes; in humans and drosophila= males (XY) |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin that stains darkly even during interphase, often containing repetitive DNA with few genes |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic found only on the Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| when they produce a single kind of gamete: in humans and drosophila= females (XX) |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes that occur in pairs, one having come from the male and the other from the female parent; contain the same array of genes; pair together during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| partially functional alleles; recessive alleles that are more functional |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism where a chromosome, or a piece of a chromosome, is underrepresented |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism where a chromosome, or a piece of a chromosome, is overrepresented |
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Term
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Definition
| the intensity of the pigment(product of the allele) depends on the amount of a product specified by the gene; active allele is not haplosufficient |
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Term
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Definition
| not everyone will express the phenotype of a given genotype; exp. polydactyly |
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Term
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Definition
| the inhibition of a crossover by a nearby crossover |
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Term
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Definition
| two different alleles that are functionally equivalent |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome segment is detached flipped 180° and reattached to the rest of the chromosome; order of the genes is reversed on that segment |
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Term
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Definition
| XXY trisomy in the sex chromosomes; phenotypically male, but show some female secondary sexual characteristics and are usually sterile; rare cases can involve more X chromosomes with one Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| the duplicated chromosomes condense out of the diffuse chromatin network |
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Term
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Definition
| a fixed position on a chromosome that is occupied by a given gene or one of its allele |
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Term
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Definition
| alleles that have little or no discernible effect in heterozygous condition with a wild-type allele; usually recessive mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| paired chromosomes orient toward opposite poles of the spindle; ensures that when the cell divides one member of each pair will go to each pole |
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Term
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Definition
| process that reduces the diploid state to the haploid state-reduces the number of chromosomes; resulting haploid cells either directly become gametes or divide to produce cells that later become gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| acts similarly to mitosis except now each daughter cell contains one haploid set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| components of the cytoskeleton that execute the distribution of duplicated chromosomes to the daughter cells TUBULIN |
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Term
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Definition
| process of the cell cycle that distributes the duplicated chromosomes equally and exactly to the daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| separate male and female flowers on the same individual |
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Term
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Definition
| cross where a single trait is being studied; progeny consistently appear in a 3:1 ratio |
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Term
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Definition
| genetically different among somatic cells |
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Term
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Definition
| one chromosome is missing in an otherwise diploid individual |
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Term
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Definition
| more then two recognizable alleles of a gene (rabbit coat color) |
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Term
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Definition
| altered form of the wild-type allele that must have arisen during evolution |
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Term
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Definition
| failure of the chromosomes to disjoin during of the meiotic divisions; could result from faulty chromosome movement, incomplete pairing, or centromere malfunction; results in too many chromosome in some daughter cells and too few in others. Examples: in meiosis, both members of a pair of chromosome go to one pole so that the other pole does not receive either of them; in mitosis, both sister chromatids go to the same pole |
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Term
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Definition
| set of relationships between heredity and environment; single genotype can produce different phenotypes under different environmental conditions; opposite is also true |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes are fully paired; each pair consist of two duplicated homologues, which themselves consist of two sister chromatids ; time when crossing over occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| inversion where the inverted segment does not include the centromere; leads to a dicenric (two centromeres) and acentric (no centromeres) chromosome; more lethal |
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Term
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Definition
| proportion of individual of a given genotype to show the coordinating phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| inversion where the inverted segment includes the centromere; results in eache having one centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| environmentally caused phenotype that resembles a different genotype |
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Term
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Definition
| rare dominate trait, severely underdeveloped appendages; thalidomide (a teratogen) caused same phonotypical effect without any genetic coding ; exp of phenocopy |
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Term
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Definition
| recessive disorder of amino acid metabolism; genetic disorder that can be moderated by the exposure to low-phenylalanine diets; Example of diet as an environmental effect on expression |
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Term
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Definition
| single gene has more than one unrelated genetic effect |
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Term
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Definition
| example of incomplete penetrance; dominant mutation that is manifested in only some of its carriers; have the genotype, but not the phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of extra chromosome sets; common in plants but very rare in animals because it interferes with the sex-determination mechanism; usually steril |
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Term
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Definition
| genes that are present on both the X and Y chromosomes near the ends of the short arms; follow the patterns of inheritance of an autosomal gene; in males, these regions are what mediate pairing between the X and Y chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| a term applied to one member of an allelic pair lacking the ability to manifest itself when the other is present |
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Term
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Definition
| when pieces of two nonhomologous chromosome s are interchanged without any net loss of genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| the separation of linked genes and the formation of new gene combinations |
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Term
| Robertsonian translocation |
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Definition
| nonhomologous chromosomes fuse at their centromeres; if two acrocentric chromosomes fuse they produce a metacentric chromosome, the tiny short arms of the participating chromosomes are lost in the process; evolution- chromosome 2 in humans was formed from the combining of two acrocentric chromosomes in chimps |
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Term
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Definition
| if heterozygote expresses the characteristic of one parent and not the other, it is considered dominant |
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Term
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Definition
| when a hybrid makes gametes, the two alleles separate clearly |
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Term
| Sex-determining region Y (SRY) |
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Definition
| gene located just outside the pseudoautosomal region; Y-linked gene in humans encoding a protein, the testis-determining factor, which plays a key role in male development |
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Term
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Definition
| process of pairing between homologues; usually accompanied by the formation of the synaptonemal complex |
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Term
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Definition
| proteinaceous structure between pairing chromosomes; consists of three parallel rods, one associated with each of the chromosomes, one located mid-way between them ; occurs during zygotene |
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Term
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Definition
| backcross to the recessive parental type, or a cross between genetically unknown individuals with a fully recessive tester to determine whether an individual is question is heterozygous or homozygous for a certain allele |
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Term
| Testicular feminization syndrome (TFS) |
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Definition
| XY female; lacks receptor for TDF even if it is being produced by SRY |
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Term
| Testis-determining factor(TDF |
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Definition
| product of the SRY gene; a protein produced early in development of male mammals that stimulates the differentiation of the testes from the embryonic gonads |
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Term
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Definition
| quadruple group of chromatids that is formed by the association of duplicated homologous chromosomes during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| 2n+2; 4 copies of one chromosomes and 2 of all the others |
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Term
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Definition
| process where RNA is formed along a DNA template |
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Term
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Definition
| protein synthesis directed by specific messenger RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a segment from one chromosome is detached and reattached to a different chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| triplication of a certain chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| an association between three chromosomes during meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| females with a single X chromosome and a diploid complement of autosomes; fundamentally female in phenotype but sterile |
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Term
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Definition
| an unpaired chromosome at meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a chromosome associated with sex determination. In humans the female has two and male has one; large submetacentric |
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Term
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Definition
| the male chromosome which will pair with the X-chromosome during meiosis; in humans it is responsible for the male characteristics and in drosophila it is needed for sterility; small acrocentric |
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Term
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Definition
| homologous chromosomes pair together; where synapsis occurs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disc. genes on chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| probability of two events happening equation |
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Term
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Definition
| protein complex that sticks chromotids together at centromere |
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Term
| Metacentric, submetacentric, acrocentric |
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Definition
| 3 placements of centromere |
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Term
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Definition
| dark stained, no trascription/translation but functions in mitosis/meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| light stained, genetically active |
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Term
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Definition
| part of centromere where spindle fibers attach |
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Term
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Definition
| repeated DNA, not sticky, universal in vertabrates, controlls amount of cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| makes telomeres for contantly dividing cells, uh oh, like tumor cells |
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Term
| region of chromosome after secondary constriction |
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Definition
| satellites are separated from chromosome by this structure |
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Term
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Definition
| located on 2ndary constriction, has ribosomal RNA genes that make ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic set of chromosomes of a species |
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Term
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Definition
| distinctive additional chromosome, not a copy, that may or may not be active |
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Term
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Definition
| regulates cell cycle at two checkpoints (after G1 and G2) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell out of cell cycle. mature tissue or non dividing blood cell for example |
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Term
| maturation promoting factor |
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Definition
| cycling and cyclin dependent kinase, regulatory molecule levels go up and down do to phosphorylation and dephosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
| breaks down nuclear envelope by phosphorylating lamins within envelope |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| chiasmus move toward ends |
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Term
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Definition
| when terminalization occurs |
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Term
life cycle length,
cheapness,
known genetic makeup / prev. studied
types of reproduction |
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Definition
| reasons for model organisms |
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Term
| no environmental modification, one gene per trait, complete penetrance (geno=pheno) |
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Definition
| 3 things pedigrees assume |
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Term
| spermatagonium - primary spermatocyte - secondary spermatocyte - differentiating spermatid - sperm + residual bodies |
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Definition
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Term
| seminiferous tubules of testes |
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Definition
| location of spermatogenesis |
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Term
| oogonium - primary oocyte - secondary oocyte + polar body - ovum + 3 polar bodies |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| suspended state of diplotene for oocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| mitrochondrial DNA from which parent? |
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Term
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Definition
| more than one allele prevalent in population |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| common; more than two recognizable alleles for a gene, |
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Term
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Definition
| multiple gene pairs for the same phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 different alleles that are functionally equivalent but distinguishable. eg (IA1>IA2>IA3=IB) |
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Term
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Definition
| environmentally caused phenotype resembling a different phenotype |
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Term
| # of x chromosomes/ number of each autosome |
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Definition
| What sex am I? Greater than or equal to 1 = female, less than or equal to .5 = male |
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Term
| Kleinfelter sydrome (male human) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| de la Chapelle syndrome (male) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| barr body = inactivated x |
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Term
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Definition
| differences between somatic cells, eg. different X inactivation in each cell |
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Term
| X inactive specific transcript gene |
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Definition
| during development, makes transcript to attach to one Xq to shut it down; random which X; common to mammals; in kangaroos, paternal X is always inactivated! |
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Term
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Definition
| agent that causes break in chromosomes |
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Term
| interstitial deletion (versus terminal deletion) |
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Definition
| deletion in middle of chromosome (versus the end) |
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Term
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Definition
| normal chromosome loops in pairing |
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Term
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Definition
| during pairing, chromosome with extra segment looped |
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Term
| pericentric (middle of loop) but paracentric is bad news bears |
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Definition
| types of inversions (which is more of a big deal) |
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Term
| robertsonian translocation |
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Definition
| acrocentric chromosomes >> sub metacentric chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| genes expressed differently depending on where in the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| gene that drives cell to cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| first chromosomal abnormality linked to cancer (leukemia) |
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| chromosomal duplication w/out division; diploid gamete fertilization; double fertilization |
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Definition
| three possibilities for polyploidy |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibits tubulin - and chromosome separation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 2n + two extra of same chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of chromosomes to separate |
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Term
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Definition
| polyploid acting like a diploid |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| disc. gene pairs inherited together, separation of genes via crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency of genes on the same chromosome to be inherited together |
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Term
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Definition
| recombinants / (parentals + recombinants) |
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Term
| linked if RF is less than .5 (P>R) |
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Definition
| linkage in relation to recombinance frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| disc. (saw) crossing over |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| gene loci on the same chromosome are by definition _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| genes on both x and y chromosomes mimickick autosomal inheritance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| stain around the centromere |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| giant chromosomes produced by interphase replacation without division and consisting of many identical chromatids arranged side by side in a cable like pattern |
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Term
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Definition
| a collection of the centrosomes of the polytene chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates mitosis for chromosome preparations |
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Term
| chromosome 11, p arm, region 1, band 3 |
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Definition
| chromosome naming: where is 11p13? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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|
Term
| probability= (n!/s!t!)p^s*q^t |
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Definition
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