Term
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Definition
| the entire genetic complement of a cell or organism |
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Term
| define homologous chromosome |
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Definition
| member of a pair of chromosomes in a diploid organism |
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Term
| approximately how many genes are there in the human genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| what traits must any hereditary molecule have? |
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Definition
1. ability to hold information
2. ability to replicate
3. ability to change over time |
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Term
| what is the name for the synthesis of a protein from mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the genetic code? |
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Definition
| the table/dictionary that relates codons to amino acids |
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Term
| how can 2 cells with the same genotype be phenotypically different(eg. nerve cell and bone cell)? |
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Definition
| regulatory regions of DNA cause diff. sections to be expressed |
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Term
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Definition
| when more than one allele is present in a population. 'many-forms' |
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Term
| explain how the lactose operon is turned on/off. |
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Definition
| normal function produces a repressor protein that blocks ribosome from transcribing lactase genes. when lactose is present, it binds to the repressor protein, releasing it from the DNA and allowing transcription |
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Term
| what is the wild type variant of an allele? |
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Definition
| the normal/most common type found in nature |
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Term
| what is the name for a mutant type allele that produces a non-functioning protein? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the range of phenotypes seen in a given genotype in a range of normal environments |
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Term
| what is the name given to small, random variation in phenotype due to small random effects on development |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the process for completing genetic/mutational dissection? |
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Definition
1.isolate mutant form deficient in process
2.characterize the mutation(gene-protein)
3.repeat until all components are identified
4.piece total process together |
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Term
| what are the four premises of natural selection? |
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Definition
1.individuals vary2.some variation is heritable
3.new variation arises by mutation
4.some variants survive to reproduce better than others |
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Term
| define gene in terms of mRNA |
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Definition
| the section of a chromosome that produces a functional mRNA transcript |
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Term
| what did avery prove? what year? |
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Definition
that dna, not protein or RNA, is the heritable molecule
1944 |
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Term
| what were the 4 clues Watson and Crick had to work with to discover the structure of DNA? |
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Definition
1.DNA is long polymer of nucleotides
2.there are 4 types of nubleotides
3.A=T, C=G
4.x-ray diffraction image |
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Term
| who discovered that the amount of adenine = thymine and cytosine = guanine in cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| what did Rosalind Franklins x-ray diffraction images of crystallized DNA show? |
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Definition
| that it is a helical molecule with specific spacings and repetitions |
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Term
| what is the name for the bond between phosphate and deoxyribose in DNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many hydrogen bonds connect adenine to thymine? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many hydrogen bonds join cytosine to guanine? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 4 structural elements of DNA did the watson and crick paper address? |
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Definition
1.structure of a nucleotide
2.structure of single strand
3.structure of double strand
4.structre of double helix |
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Term
| which carbon of the sugar backbone do the nucleotide bases attach? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name for DNA segments between genes? what do they consist of? |
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Definition
intergeneic space
repetitive dna and
mobile genetic units |
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Term
| why are plant genomes often so much larger than the human genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| approximately how many nucleotides are in the human genome? how many kb? how many genes? |
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Definition
3 billion nucleotides
3 million kb
35,000 genes |
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Term
| what is the approximate size of a plasmid genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the arrangement of DNA in chloroplasts/mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the approximate size of a chloroplast/mitochondria genome? |
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Definition
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Term
| where in a human cell could you find multiple (>2) copies of the same dna (other than during mitosis/meiosis) |
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Definition
| in mitochondria (and chloroplasts in plants) |
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Term
| how big are viral genomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the structural arrangement of nucleic acid in a virus? what type? |
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Definition
single or double stranded
DNA or RNA |
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Term
| how big are prokaryote genomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| where can operons be found? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the charachteristics of an operon? |
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Definition
1. set of 3 genes w/similar functions
2. adjacent on chromosome
3. transcribed together |
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Term
| what is the end segment of a chromsosme called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name for the point on a chromosome where the spindle attaches? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 3 terms are used to describe the way homologous chromosomes are attached after replicating? |
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Definition
telocentric
metacentric
acrocentric |
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Term
| what is the centromeric index? |
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Definition
| the % of the csome length that exists on the 'small arm' side of the centromere |
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Term
| how would the nuclear organizer be identified on a csome? |
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Definition
| would be seen as a constriction |
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Term
| what are thickening in a chromosome called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are darkly staining, non-coding regions of a csome called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the lightly staining, gene-containing regions of csomes called? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of organisms have polytene csomes? where specifically in the organism? |
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Definition
Order Diptera (flies)
in secretory glands |
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Term
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Definition
| when csomes replicate, but don't divide (as with polytene csomes) |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which homologous csomes pair up |
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Term
| give 2 instances where synapsis can be observed? |
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Definition
in meiosis I of eukaryotes
in polytene csomes of Diptera |
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Term
| what is the central point where the csomes of polytene csomes connect? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the very general description of how dna is packed into a csome? |
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Definition
| coil - coil - fold - coil |
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Term
| T/F - there is a surprising similarity between genomes of all organisms (yeast - humans) |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 3 main differences between RNA and DNA? |
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Definition
1. single stranded
2. ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose
3. Uracil replaces Thymine |
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Term
| what is the differnce between ribose and deoxyribose? |
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Definition
ribose - OH at 2' carbon
deoxyribose - H at 2' carbon |
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Term
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Definition
messenger (mRNA)
transfer (tRNA)
ribosomal (rRNA)
small cytoplasmic (scRNA)
small nuclear (snRNA) |
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Term
| what enzyme facilitates transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| what end of the DNA template strand does the RNA polymerase attach? |
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Definition
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Term
| what end of and RNA transcript is made first? |
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Definition
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Term
| what direction is RNA sythesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| what direction are all nucleic acids synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a transcription bubble? |
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Definition
| the section of dna where strands are seperated for RNA polymerase ro transcribe RNA |
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Term
| in what form are nucleotides when they are added to an RNA strand? |
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Definition
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Term
| which end of the dna nucleotide is the phosphate group attached? |
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Definition
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Term
| what region of dna binds RNA polymerase to initiate transcription? |
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Definition
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Term
| what regions of DNA associated with transcription are highly conserved between all organisms? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of a structure commonly created at the end of a transcript to prompt seperation of the RNA strand? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the name of RNA before it is 'processed'? |
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Definition
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Term
| what 3 things happen to a primary RNA transcript during 'processing'? |
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Definition
1. 7-methylguanosine cap added to 5' end
2. poly-a tail added to 3' end
3. introns removed |
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Term
| what structure facilitates intron removal? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 general components of a spliceosome? |
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Definition
| protein and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) |
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Term
| what is added to the 5' end of and RNA transcript during processing? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is added to the 3' end of an RNA transcript during processing? |
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Definition
| a chain of adenosines (poly-A tail) |
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Term
| what are the 5 parts of an amino acid? |
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Definition
carbon (C)
amine group (NH2)
carboxyl group (COOH)
hydrogen (H)
functional group (R) |
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Term
| how does a peptide bond occur? |
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Definition
| OH in the carboxyl of one amino acid and the H in the amine of another amino acid break off as H2O leaving C-N bond |
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Term
| through what process does a peptide bond occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many amino acids are found naturally in proteins? |
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Definition
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Term
| what degree of protein structure dictates the proteins shape and function? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many codons are possible in mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| what structures determine the dictionary of the genetic code (other than DNA)? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the 2 characteristics of the genetic code stressed in class? |
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Definition
1. it is virtually universal
2. it is degenerate |
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Term
| explain how the genetic code is degenerate? |
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Definition
| 64 codons have 21 meanings |
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Term
| what is abbreviated breakdown of the 20 amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
glutamic acid
glutamine
glycine |
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Term
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Definition
Threonine
tryptophan
tyrosine |
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Term
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Definition
alanine
arginine
asparagine
aspartic acid |
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Term
| where would you find inosine? |
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Definition
| at the 5'end of an anticodon |
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Term
| does the wobble effect mean that 1 tRNA can attach to multiple mRNA or that 1 mRNA can attach to multiple tRNA? |
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Definition
| tRNA matches can match with multiple mRNA |
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Term
match the following 5' ends of an anticodon w/possible mRNA complements.
G, U, I, A, C, |
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Definition
G - C/U
U - A/G
I - U/C/A
A - U
C - G |
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