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| things about that organism one can observe; traits or characteristics |
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| genetic basis for phenotype |
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Facts about genetic information in cells:
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1. Genes are carried on structures called chromosomes.
2. Chromosomes are found in the nucleus.
3. Multiple chromosomes may be needed to carry all the genetic material for an organism.
4. Humans and many other organisms have two copies of each chnromosome in the nuclei of their cells. |
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| Although homologous chromosomes contain the same genes... |
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the two copes are often not identical.
The same gene on twi different homolgolous chromosomes may differ slightly. |
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| one of the alternatice DNA sequences of a gene. |
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reproductive cells (eggs or sperm), containing one copy of each chromosome.
Gametes are produced in meiosis |
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-containing only unpaired chromosomes , as in gametes or procaryotic organisms.
-they contain only one copy of each chromosome. |
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a form of cell division in which the chromosome number is reduced from the diploid to the haploid number.
-when gametes are produced |
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| when haploid gametes fuse during fertilization |
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The usual form of cell division in which the number of chromosomes does not change.
-mitosis produces daughter cells that are exact genetic copies of the mother cell.
-the diploid zygote grows into a multicellular organism by means of a procells of cell replication division |
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The first step in mitosis:
genetic material is duplicated. |
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| All 46 chromosomes (in humans) line up alone the midline of the cell. The attached duplicates will seperate and each daughter cell will get one duplicate copy of each chromosome. |
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| the parent cell has divided to produce two genetically identical daughter cells. |
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| similar by virtue of common ancestory as in similar body structures, shared DNA, sequences or chromosomes that carry similar sets of genes and therefore, pair with one another during meiosis. |
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| If a parent has two different alleles of a gene, |
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| the haploid gamete will have only one of the two alleles. |
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| Homologous chromosomes segregate during the first cell division, |
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| such that each gamete recieves only one of each homogolous pair of chromosomes present in the original cell. |
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Crossing over
(recombination) |
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| exchange of genetic material occurs when homologous chromosomes pair. |
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| The four cells produced by meiosis... |
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are not identical to the parent cell.
-they are haploid, not diploid.
each of the four cells contains only one chromosomes of each homologous pair of chromosomes posessed by parent cells.
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occus when homologous paids line up early in meiosis
(mixing of genetic material) |
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| Mendel's approach on the pea plant experiment was a... |
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| Inherirance of traits is controlled by... |
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| heriditary factors called genes. |
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| two copes of each gene for each triat |
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| always show up in the phenotype. recessive alleles may be masked. |
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| only produce the recessive phenotype in organisms that are homozygous for the trait. |
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the inheritance of one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait.
only true if the genes for the two traits are found on different chromosoemes. |
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| the segregation of one pair of homologous chromosomes occurs independently of the segregation of another pair. |
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when two genes are present on the same chromosomes.
The traits controlled by these genes will show a linked pattern of inheritance. |
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| may occur during meiosis when homologous chromosomes group together in the first meiotic division. |
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refers to the phenomenon in which a heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype
ex. TTxtt |
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| three or more alleles exist in a population for a given gene |
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| thhe study of those aspects of biological traits that are inherited |
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| Hereditary information is carried in the form of... |
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| recessive allels are expressed in the phenotype... |
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| only when they are homozygous. |
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| biological enzymes that speed up chemical reactions but are not themselves changed by the reaction. |
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis
3 major differences |
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1. Meiosis has an additional cycle of cell division
2. the end result is four cells containing a haploid number of choromosomes.
3. during metaphase, the homolgolous chromosomkes align together forming quadruplicates at the midline. |
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| The inheritance of traits is controlled by heriditary factors called |
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| Each individual has ___ copies of the gene for each trait. |
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