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| A GENE IS ___________ into an RNA sequence |
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| An RNA sequence is translated into____________ |
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| Produces an RNA copy of a gene |
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| temporary copy of a gene that contains information to make a polypeptide |
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| produces a polypeptide using the information in mRNA |
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| influence rate of transcription |
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| site for RNA polymerase binding |
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| signals the end of transcription |
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| Requirements for successful transcription |
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Definition
promoter region (DNA)
RNA polymerase
transcription factors (proteins)
single stranded DNA template
Free nucleotides
Terminator sequence (DNA) |
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| Location of the core promoter |
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| 25-40 bases of the transcriptional start site |
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| low level of transcription |
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| Each gene has its own________ |
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| Proteins that participate in transcription |
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| DNA sequences; decreasers |
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| RNA polymerase adds nucleotides to |
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| the 3' end of the new RNA strand |
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| In the DNA template strand; signals the end of transcription (PolyA) |
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| Promoters, terminators, etc |
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| will be translated into protein |
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| ribosomal RNA; will not be translated into protein; part of ribosome; help in RNA line up with ribosome |
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| transfer RNA; Not translated into protein; carries amino acid |
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| Most RNA must be_________ |
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| processed before it is functional |
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| removal of introns and joining of mRNA fragments |
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| a long mRNA molecule us cut into smaller fragments |
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| Transcription happens in the nucleus, but |
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| ribosomes are not in the nucleus |
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| Addition of the 5' cap (7-methylguanosine) |
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Definition
| modified guanine with methyl. Added to RNA headed to ribosome. happens after cleavage and splicing |
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| Addition of the 3' polyA tail (series of adenine |
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Definition
| happens after cleavage and splicing. Extra; nothing to do with original DNA sequence -stabilized the RNA molecule so it survives the trip to the Ribosome |
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| directs RNA to ribosome and helps with start of translation. |
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not correcting mistakes; changing.
Bases can either be replaced or modified to yield a new base. |
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| rare base not typical, but different version of adenine |
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| transported to its functional location in the cell |
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| directly participate in translation |
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| a protein is assembled based on the sequence of an mRNA molecule |
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| enzymes, cell structure, transport, and energy source; physical traits |
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| relationship between a gene and specific enzyme; studied a common mold; |
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| According to the Beadle and Tatum study, what happens when 1 of the 4 required enzymes are missing? |
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Definition
| the mold died; all steps have to take place. They could point out which of the enzymes is missing |
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| modifications to the one gene one enzyme hypothesis |
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| enzymes are only one category of cellular proteins. Some proteins composed of one or more polypeptides. One gene encodes a polypeptide; some genes do not encode proteins; some encode more than one. |
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| functional molecule; may include many polypeptides |
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| set of 3 RNA bases; each codon corresponds to an amino acid |
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| involved with starting translation (AUG) encodes methyanine |
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| any codon that encodes an amino acid |
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| translation stops; does not encode and amino acid |
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| bases are read in groups of three |
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| the same codons determine the same amino acids in every organism |
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| the same codons determine the same amino acids in every organism |
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| the same amino acid mat be encoded by more than one codon |
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| each codon only encodes one amino acid |
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| Characteristics of the genetic code |
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| triplet, universal, degenerate/redundant, non-overlapping |
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| do not produce amino acids |
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| properties of a polypeptide chain |
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| chemical and physical properties determined by its amino acids; has directionality that matches the mRNA; New amino acids are added at the carboxyl terminus |
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| _____at the end of every polypeptide chain and _____at the other |
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| a molecule must recognize the codon and also carry the amino acid for that codon |
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| carriers of specific amino acids |
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| tRNA interacts with mRNA through |
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| complementary base pairing |
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| there is a tRNA with a corresponding anticodon |
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| amino acid attached to the correct tRNA molecule (controlled by anticodon |
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| the same amino acid may be encoded by more than one codon |
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| each codon only encodes one amino acid |
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| mRNA must be transported... |
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| from the nucleus to the ribosome |
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| different sizes and weights must become complete ribosome for translation to begin. they only come together right before translation |
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