Term
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Definition
| Recognizes a palindromic sequence of 4-10 base pairs and cleaves DNA at the sugar-phosphate bond |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Seperation of DNA fragments based on size.
Because DNA is negatively charged, it will migrate toward the positive electrode through the pores in the gel.
- Smaller pieces of DNA will migrate the farthest
- Larger pieces of DNA will not migrate that far
Usefulness:
Characterizing DNA
DNA fingerprinting |
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Term
Hybridization
What is southern blot? northern blot? |
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Definition
The binding of complementary sites from two different nucleic acids
Southern blot: DNA from one organism is hybridized with DNA from another organism- used to detect unknown DNA
Northern blot: DNA from one organism is hybridized with RNA from the same organism or a different organism |
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Term
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Definition
Small stretches of nucleic acid with known sequence called an oliognucleotide.
- Single stranded
- Can be used to detect specific nucleotide sequences in unknown nucleic acid samples |
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Term
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Definition
Provides the identity and the order of nucleotides
- Sanger method |
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Term
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
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Definition
Specific amplification of DNA
3 major steps
- Denaturing (breaking double helix)
- Annealing (Putting the helix back together)
- Extension (Duplicating)
30 cycles of 3 major steps are enough for DNA detection
Can be used to detect disease or infectious agents |
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Term
| Recombinant DNA Technology |
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Definition
The deliberate removal of a gene from one organism and the subsequent transfer of that gene to another organism
- Bacteria do this naturally with plasmids, transposons, and viruses
- Can be used to protein production
- Recombinant: the organism that has received the gene of interest
- Clone: the subsequent identical generation of the recombinant organism |
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Term
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Definition
Anything capable of moving the gene of interest from one organism to another organism. Good vectors have 2 major qualities:
1. They are capable of carrying large portions of DNA (containing the gene of interest)
2. The cloning host will be able to readily accept DNA from them
Contain:
- An origin of replication
- An antibiotic resistance gene |
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Term
| 2 typical cloning hosts used |
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Definition
1. Bacteria
Ex- E.coli
Bacteria will not excise introns from eukaryotic DNA
2. Yeast
Ex- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Will excise introns |
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Term
Modified bacteria
- Pseudomonas syringae
- Pseudomonas fluorescens |
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Definition
- Prevebts frost crystals from growing on plants
- Contains and insecticide gene |
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Term
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Definition
The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens contains a plasmid called Ti. Ti makes the plant grow a tumor on its stem. Scientists have exploited this system to add our own genes to Ti to make
- tobacco resistant to herbicides
- Peas resistant to weevils
- Rice contain vitamin A |
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Term
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Definition
| Transfect a mouse embryo with a defective gene and then cross-breed the progeny. Eventually you will get a mouse that has 2 copies of the defective gene and will express the disease |
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Term
| Pharmaceutical production (pharming) |
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Definition
Transfect animals with a human gene and the animals will produce the protein product of that gene in their semen or milk
Ex- Human growth hormone is made in pigs |
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Term
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Definition
Technique used to repair a genetic defect. The idea is to give a new, healthy copy of the gene to cells and they will produce the correct protein
- Ex vivo: outside the body
- In vivo: inside the body
Usually the gene is cloned into viruses which then infect the cells |
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Term
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Definition
Contains the opposite base pairs of the mRNA that we don't want expressed.
The mRNA is bound to antisense RNA or DNA and canot be translated. The protein is never made |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA strand complementary to the gene we want blocked. It complexes with double-stranded DNA helix. Now the gene can not be transcribed |
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Term
| Genomic maps (linkage, physical, sequence) |
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Definition
Determine the location of a particular gene on the chromosome. Can help scientisits determine differences in genes (alleles).
1. Linkage- shows the relative proximity and location of genes
2. Phsical- show the proximity and size of genes
3. Sequence- shows the exact order of bases |
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Definition
| Emphasizes the differences in the entire genome. Techniques include endonucleases, PC, Southern blot |
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Term
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Definition
| Determine the genetic family tree for many diseases. Can be used to determine hte pedigree of domestic animals. Cna show genetic diversity in animals |
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