1. Instnct theory or evolutionary perspective- all behaviors are instincts.
2. Drive reduction theory- physiological need (hunger) that creates an aroused state and drives you to reduce the need. Goal is homeostasis.
3. Arousal theory- Maintain optimum level of arousal.
4. Maslow's hierarchy of needs- Each level of pyramid must be fulfilled in order to move on. 

• blood sugar levels
• different hormones that are released
• enviromental triggers
• social triggers

Sexual response cycle

(four stages)

Physiology of sexual activity (disfunction is due to hormones, biological problems, and genetics)

1. stage 1- excitement stage
2. stage 2- plateau
3. stage 3- orgasm
4. stage 4- refractory period or resolution (longer for men)

• testosterone (women with more are more sexually active)
• estrogen

• external cues (porn)- creates distorted expectations
• imagine cues (sexual fantasies)

• educating about sex (abstinence)
• presence of father in house
• religious beliefs
• actively help others (volunteering)

Sexually transmitted infection

• abstinence and  condoms can prevent them

The gender you prefer.

• Erodic plasticity- variability in sexual urges
• Fraternal birth order
• Size of a cell cluster in hypothalamus is smaller in straight women adn gay men.
• Prenatal sex hormones
• Gene expression

The need to belong feeds?

Deep attatchments and menacing threats

• ostracized- activates the pain center in the brain
• groups- activates the reward center in the brain

Industrial Organizational Psychology

• Personal Psych
• Organizational
• Human factors

A.B.C.

• arousal
• expressive behavior
• cognitive appraisal

Autonomic nerve system- involuntary

Sympathetic                           Parasympathetic

                                            -Relax/calms body by

                                            hormones.

                                            -Digestine                                     

• arousal- high to low
• valence- leasant stimuli to unpleasant stimuli

• (Bad) Catharsis hypothesis- Expressing anger can be temporarily calming but leaves us feeling anxious or guilty. Ex. violence
• (Good)- Waiting or talking it out

• Adaptation level phenomenon- Tendency to judge various stimuli in comparison with the past.
• Relative deprivation- The perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself.

• High self-esteem
• Being optimistic
• Close friendships
• Work that engages skill
• Active religious faith
• Sleep and exercise

General Adaptation Syndrome- Concept of the body's adaptive response to stress.

• Phase 1 (alarm)- Activation of sympathetic nervous system.
• Phase 2 (resistence)
• Phase 3 (exhaustion)- Prone to illness. 

Ex. Final in 2 days (alarm); cram session (resistence); relax afterwards (exhaustion) 

Factors to cope with stress

• Social support
• Pets
• Optimism and health
• Perceived control 

Unproven treatments intended to supplement to conventional medicine.

• Assessed by placebo effects and spontaneous remission

1. Id- Pleasure principle; your instincts
2. Ego- Reality ego; your conscience
3. Super-ego- Moral compass to please society. (this is the one he emphasized)

• oral
• anal
• phalik
• latency
• genital

O.C.E.A.N.

• Openness
• Consciousness
• Extraversion
• Agreeableness
• Neuroticism- Scientific research that makes traits understandable and relatable. 

Tendency for people to comply with a big decision after saying yes to smaller requests. 

Ex. car salesman

Weighing costs and benefits.

Ex. I'll scratch your back if you scratch mine. 

Tendency for any person to be less likely to help if others are around.

Ex. When a stranger is needing help and there is a crowd around we think, "Oh somebody will help him surely"

1. Deviant- When you go against the norm.
2. Disstressful- When it causes you personal stress.
3. Disfunction.

• Generalized anxiety disorder- Chronic fear with no trigger.
• Panic disorder- Sudden attack of terror.
• Phobias- Irrational fear with trigger.
• Obsessive Compulsant Disorder (OCD)- Controls you
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder- Emotions haunt you after an experience. (soldiers)

• Inappropriate laughter, emotions, and behavior
• Positive- Something is there that shouldn't be. (Hallucinations)
• Negative- Something isn't there that should be. (delusions) This is know as the flattened affect.

• Excess dopamine receptors
• Enlarged ventricles
• Frontal lobe shrinkage
• Genetic predisposition triggered by cues like the flu virus.

• Suicide
• Learned helplessness- You have repeated negative thoughts of bad outcomes.

• Schizophrenia
• Bipolar disorder

1. Classical conditioning (Counter conditioning)
• Exposure therapy- desensitizing
• Aversive therapy- Associate bad behavior with bad outcome. 
2. Operant conditioning
• Behavior modifications- Uses consequences and reinforcements.