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| Eyes, Ears, Nose, Tongue, and Skin |
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| transform physical energy or information into neural information |
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| the stimulation of the sense organs with sensory information and relaying that information to the brain |
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| when our brains organize and interpret the sensations |
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| Window of the eye that extends outward to capture the light waves bouncing all around in order to bend or direct the waves into the eye |
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| When the cornea is misshaped which distorts vision |
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| watery fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye that nourishes the cornea and lens |
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| when either the aqueous humor is produced in excess or when a drainage problem causes the water to build up, pressure causes blurred vision |
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| Black center of the eye that works in conjunction with the iris to regulate the amount of light that actually eneters into the eye |
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| function of the lens is to focus on images on the retina and it does so by accommodating light |
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| the lens is made up of flexible proteins which extend themselves becoming thicker or flatter in order to focus on an object. |
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| Opaque clouds that often form over the eyes in the elderly and is from extensive exposure from the sun |
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| The lens protein fibers wear out and become less flexible |
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| claims to correct Presbyopia and Cataracts |
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| clear thick fluid filling the interior eye chamber |
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| near-sightedness when the distance between the lens and the retina is too great |
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| far-sightedness is caused when the distance between the retina and lens is too short |
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| Debris in the virteous humor |
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| Innermost layer of the eye which contains the photoreceptor cells |
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| help us see in dim light or darkness |
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| aid us in visual acuity and in seeing in lighted conditions and helps us see color |
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| Area of the retina where most cones are located |
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| The neural information travels from the eye to the brain by this |
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| where the point of attachment for the optic nerve there are no rods or cones |
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| kinesthetic cues for depth derived from sensations of muscular contractions of the extraocular muscles and of the lens. Or the actual physical movement of the eye muscles and the lens communicate depth information to the brain. |
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| are cues for depth that are purely visual in nature |
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Definition
| oculomotor cue when the lense of the eyes adjust their thickness in order to focus on an object |
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| Oculomotor cue when the eyes move in opposite directions either inward (convergence) or outward (divergence) |
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| The ability of animals to turn their head but keep their eyes in the same position |
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| Visual cue where one needs the presence of both eyes in order to benefit from this type of cue |
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| visual cue that only needs the presence of one eye to receive depth information from these types of cues |
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| cues that provide depth information while one is stationary |
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| only provide depth information whe none is in motion |
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| depth information based on differences in relative motion between images of objects located at different distances from the observer |
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| looking down railroad tracks and the tracks seem to converge in the distance |
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| look at the carpet and up close its rigid but further away its smooth |
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| extends from the head and tries to capture as many sound waves as possible |
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| thin membrane that vibrates in response to the sound waves and then relays the waves further through the middle ear and inner ear |
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| contains the ear drum and three small bones called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. the overall function of the middle ear is to amplify sound waves |
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Definition
| vibrates in response to the stirrup and transmits the vibrations to the cochlea |
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| vibrates in response to the stirrup and transmits the vibrations to the cochlea |
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| A bony tube resembling a snail that contains the basilar membrane and the organ of corti |
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| contains the hair-like receptor cells responsible for converting physical sound waves into neural impulses which are sent to the brain through the auditory nerve |
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| unresolved psychological issue |
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| a permanent change in behavior |
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Definition
| unconditioned stimulus leads to an unconditioned response (natural). conditioned stimulus leads to a conditioned response |
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| Ivan Pavlov and the gastric fistula |
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Definition
| discovered classical conditioning with dogs and their saliva collected by the gastric fistula |
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| proves learning is more or less permanent |
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| assuming that any stimulus no matter what tone is the actual stimulus |
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| assuming a different tone will lead to a different stimulus |
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| positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment |
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| founder of operant conditioning |
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| responses followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated under similar circumstances |
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| hit, slap, social disapproval |
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| F on a test, speeding ticket |
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| learning complex behaviors with reinforcement, withholding reinforcement, and such |
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| reinforcement we obtain for doing something is our own joy or satisfaction from having engaged in the behavior |
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| we learn from watching others |
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| we have a clicking point in learning that allows us the do the task |
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| the ability to retain and retrieve information |
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| believed he had witnessed an attack on his nanny but believed the lie and actually remembered it when it never happened |
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| memory process that converts the information in such a way that facilitates our storage and retrieval of it |
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| naming colors when they are spelled in different color names |
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| other two processes of the memory process |
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| 2 second memory from our sensations |
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| whatever we are thinking about in any given moment |
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Definition
| there is no limit to the ltm, and provided there is no damage, information in the ltm appears to be permanent |
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| Hipppocampus was removed along with the amygdala and he lost all ability to make use of new information (10 second tom) |
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| when old information interferes with the recall of newly learned information |
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| the recall of old information is difficult due to having learned relatively new information |
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| motivated forgetting, purposely and consciously choose to forget information |
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| unconsciously motivated to forget information |
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| in the absence of cues, we forget |
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| how many stages of sleep? |
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Definition
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| smaller and more irregular brain activity and is a very light sleep |
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| brain waves are increasing in size, slightly deeper sleep |
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| even deeper sleep, breathing and heart rate slow, body temp drops, muscles are relaxed |
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| it takes 30 to 40 minutes to go from stage one to four but our sleep goes backwards when peaks and instead of slipping into stage one we go into REM sleep |
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| paradoxical sleep because EEG recordings show increased blood pressure, low brain activity, ligament twitching, and chemical change |
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Definition
| when we lack REM sleep, we make up for it the next night |
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Definition
| sensory awareness of the environment, direct inner awareness, having a sense of self, and being awake |
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| thoughts and feelings that we may not be thinking about at any given moment but we can willfully and easily access them |
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| activities of the brain that are forever outside our awareness....breathing, heart beat |
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| dreaming allows us a second chance to attend to the information to process it |
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| purpose of dreams? def 2 (Freudian view) |
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Definition
| dreams are a form of wish fulfillment that are symbolic |
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| manifest content of dreams |
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Definition
| whatever we recall from the dream |
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| whatever the dream is symbolic of |
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| chemicals that affect how we think, feel, and behave |
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Definition
| speed up the central nervous system |
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| depress or slow down the CNS |
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| opiates are used to relieve both physical and psychological pain, very very addicting |
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| conscious altering drugs. changes our perception dramatically |
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| downing 4 or more drinks rapidly, highly dangerous |
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