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General Psych 101-001
Loyola University Chicago- exam 2
107
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
03/15/2011

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Term
sensation
Definition
the process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory, and other sensory stimuli and transmit them to the brain
Term
perception
Definition
the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information
Term
absolute threshold
Definition
the minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50% of the time
Term
difference threshold
Definition
a measure of the smallest increase or decrease in a physical stimulus that is required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50% of the time
Term
just noticeable difference
Definition
the smallest change in sensation that a person is able to detect 50% of the time
Term
Weber's Law
Definition
the just noticeable difference for all the senses depends on a proportion or percentage of change in a stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change
Term
sensory receptors
Definition
highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimulus light, sound, odor
Term
sensory receptors
Definition
highly specialized cells in the sense organs that detect and respond to one type of sensory stimulus light, sound, odor
Term
transductions
Definition
the process through which sensory receptors convert the sensory stimulations into neural impulses
Term
sensory adaptation
Definition
the process in which sensory receptors grow accustomed to constant, unchanging levels of stimuli over time
Term
visible spectrum
Definition
the narrow band of electromagnetic waves that are visible to the human eye
Term
wavelength
Definition
a measure of the distance from the peak of a light wave to the peak of the next
Term
cornea
Definition
the tough, transparent, protective layer that covers the front of the eye and bends light rays inward through the pupil
Term
lens
Definition
the transparent disk shaped structure behind the iris and the pupil that changes shape as it focuses on objects at varying distances
Term
accommodation
Definition
in vision, the flattening and bulging action of the lens as it focuses images of objects on the retina. in learning, the process by which existing schemes are modified and new schemes are created to incorporate new objects, events, experiences, or information
Term
retina
Definition
the layer of tissue that is located on the inner surface of the eyeball and contains the sensory receptors for vision
Term
retina
Definition
the layer of tissue that is located on the inner surface of the eyeball and contains the sensory receptors for vision
Term
rods
Definition
the light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that look like slender cylinders and allow the eye to respond to as few as five photons of light
Term
cones
Definition
the light-sensitive receptor cells in the retina that enable humans to see color and fine detail in adequate light but do not function in dim light
Term
fovea
Definition
a small area at the center of the retina that provides the clearest and sharpest vision because it has the largest concentration of cones
Term
blind spot
Definition
the point in each retina where there are no rods or cones because the cable of ganglion cells is extending through the retinal wall
Term
optic nerve
Definition
the nerve that carries visual information from each retina to both sides of the brain
Term
primary visual cortex
Definition
the area at the rear of the occipital lobes where vision registers in the cerebral cortex. the part of the brain in which visual information is processed
Term
feature detectors
Definition
neurons in the brain that respond only to specific visual patterns
Term
optic nerve
Definition
the nerve that carries visual information from each retina to both sides of the brain
Term
hue
Definition
the dimension of light that refers to the specific color perceived
Term
saturation
Definition
the purity of a color, or the degree to which the light waves producing it are of the same wavelength
Term
brightness
Definition
the intensity of light energy perceived as a color, based on amplitude of light wave
Term
trichromatic theory
Definition
the theory of color vision suggesting that three types of cones in the retina each make a maximal chemical response to one of three colors: green red blue
Term
opponent-process theory
Definition
the theory of color vision suggesting that three kinds of cells respond by increasing or decreasing their rate of firing when different colors are present
Term
afterimage
Definition
a visual sensation that remains after a stimulus is withdrawn
Term
color blindness
Definition
the inability to distinguish colors from one another
Term
frequency
Definition
the number of cycles completed by a sound wave in one second, determining the pitch of the sounds; expressed in the unit called hertz
Term
amplitude
Definition
the measure of the loudness of a sounds; expresed in the unit called a decible
Term
decible
Definition
used to measure the loudness of sounds
Term
timbre
Definition
the distinctive quality of a sounds that distinguishes it from other sounds of the same pitch and loudness
Term
audition
Definition
the sensation and process of hearing
Term
outer ear
Definition
the visible part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the auditory canal
Term
middle ear
Definition
the portion of the ear that contains the ossicles, which connect the eardrum to the oval window and amplify sound waves
Term
inner ear
Definition
the innermost portion of the ear, contains the cochlea, vestibuar sacs, and the semicircular canals
Term
cochlea
Definition
the fluid-filled, snail-shaped, bony chamber in the inner ear that contains the basilar membrane and its hair cells
Term
hair cells
Definition
sensory receptors for hearing that are attached to the basilar membrane in the cochlea
Term
place theory
Definition
the theory of hearing that holds that each individual pitch a person hears is determined by the particular location along the basilar membrane of the cochlea that vibrates the most
Term
frequency theory
Definition
the theory of hearing that holds that hair cell receptors vibrate the same number of times per second as the sound that reaches them
Term
kinesthetic sense
Definition
the sense providing information about position and movement of body parts
Term
vestibular sense
Definition
the sense that provides information about the body's orientation in space
Term
semicircular canals
Definition
three fluid-filled tubular canals in the inner ear that sense the rotation of the head
Term
olfaction
Definition
the sense of smell
Term
olfactory bulbs
Definition
two matchstick-sized structures above the nasal cavities, where small sensations first register in the brain
Term
olfactory epithelium
Definition
two 1-square-inch patches of tissue, one at the top of each nasal cavity, which together contain about 10 million olfactory neurons, the receptors for smell
Term
gustation
Definition
the sense of taste
Term
taste buds
Definition
structures in many of the tongue's papillae that are composed of 60 to 100 receptor cells for taste
Term
tactile
Definition
pertaining to the sense of touch
Term
endorphins
Definition
the body's own natural painkillers, which block pain and produce a feeling of well-being. chemicals produced naturally by the brain that reduce pain and the stress of vigorous exercise and positively affect mood
Term
attention
Definition
the process of sorting through sensations and selecting some of the for further processing
Term
inattentional blindness
Definition
the henomenon in which we shift out focus from on object to another and, in the process, fail to notice changes in objects to which we are not directly paying attention
Term
cross-modal perception
Definition
a process whereby the brain integrates information from more than one sense
Term
bottom-up processing
Definition
information processing in which individual components or bits of data are combines until a complete perception is formed
Term
top-down processing
Definition
information processing in which previous experience and conceptual knowledge are applied to recognize the whole of a perception and thus easily identify the simpler elements of that whole
Term
perceptual set
Definition
an expectation of what will be perceived, which can affect what actually is perceived
Term
Gestalt
Definition
a german word that roughly refers to the whole form, pattern, or configuration that a person perceives
Term
perceptual constancy
Definition
the phenomenon that allows us to perceive objects as maintaining stable properties, such as size, shape, and brightness, despite differences in distance, viewing angle, and lighting
Term
depth perception
Definition
the ability to perceive the visual world in three dimensions and to judge distances accurately
Term
binocular depth cues
Definition
depth cues that depend on both eyes working together
Term
monocular depth cues
Definition
depth cues that can be perceived by one eye alone
Term
altered states of consciousness
Definition
changes in awareness produced by sleep, meditation, hypnosis, and drugs
Term
consciousness
Definition
everything of which we are aware at any given time--- our thoughts, feelings, sensations, and external enviornment
Term
circadian rhythm
Definition
within each 24 hour period, the regular fluctuation from high to low points of certain bodily functions and behaviors
Term
suprachiasmatic nucleus
Definition
a pair of tiny structures in the brain's hypothalamus that control the timing of circadian rhythms; the biological clock
Term
subjective night
Definition
the time during a 24 hour period when the biological clock is telling the person to go to sleep
Term
restorative theory of sleep
Definition
the theory that sleep functions to restore the body and the mind
Term
circadian theory of sleep
Definition
the theory that sleep evolved to keep humans out of harm's way during the night; also known as the evolutionary adaptive theory
Term
sleep cycle
Definition
a period of sleep lasting about 90 minutes and including one or more stages of NREM sleep, followed by REM sleep
Term
NREM sleep
Definition
non-rapid eye movement sleep, which consists of four sleep stages characterized by slow, regular respirtation and heart rate, little body movement, and absence of rapid eye movements, and blood pressure and brain activity that are at their 24-hour low
Term
NREM dream
Definition
a type of dream occuring during NREM sleep that is typically less frequent and memorable than REM dreams are
Term
sleep spindles
Definition
sleep stage 2 brain waves that feature short periods of calm interrupted by brief flashes of intense activity
Term
slow-wave sleep
Definition
deep sleep; associated with stage 3 and stage 4 sleep
Term
stage 4 sleep
Definition
the deepest stage of NREM sleep, characterized by an EEG pattern of more than 50% delta waves
Term
REM dream
Definition
a type of dream occurring almost continuously during each REM period and having a storylike quality; typically more vivid, visual, and emotional than NREM dreams
Term
REM rebound
Definition
the increased amount of REM sleep that occurs after REM deprivation; often associated with unpleasant dreams and nightmares
Term
REM sleep
Definition
a type of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements' paralysis of large muscles, fast and irregular heart and respiration rates, increased brain-wave activity, and vivid dreams
Term
parasomnias
Definition
sleep disturbances in which behaviors and physiological states that normally take place only in the waking state occur while a person is sleeping
Term
dyssomnia
Definition
disorders in timing or quality of sleep
Term
narcolepsy
Definition
an incurable sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and uncontrollable attacks of REM sleep
Term
sleep apnea
Definition
a sleep disorder characterized by periods during sleep when breathing stops and the individual must awaken briefly to breathe
Term
insomnia
Definition
a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling or staying asleep, y waking too early or by sleep that it light, restless, or of poor quality
Term
lucid dream
Definition
a dream that an individual is aware of dreaming and whose content the individual is often able to influence while the dream is in progress
Term
manifest content
Definition
Freud's term for the content of a dream recalled by the dreamer
Term
latent content
Definition
Freud's term for the underlying meaning of a dream
Term
cognitive theory of dreaming
Definition
dreaming is thinking while asleep
Term
activation-synthesis hypothesis of dreaming
Definition
the hypothesis that dreams are the brain's attempt to make sense of the random firing of brain cells during REM sleep
Term
evolutionary theory of dreaming
Definition
vivid, emotionally charged REM dreams serve a protective function
Term
hypnosis
Definition
a procedure through which one person, the hypnotist, uses the power of suggestion to induce changes in thoughts, feelings, sensations, perceptions, or behavior in another person, the subject
Term
meditation
Definition
a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, word, one's breathing, or one's body movements in an effort to block out all distractions, to enhance well-being, and to achieve an altered state of consciousness
Term
neodissociation theory of hypnosis
Definition
a theory proposing that hypnosis induces a split, or dissociation, between two aspects of the control of consciousness: the planning function and the monitoring function
Term
sociocognitive theory of hynosis
Definition
a theory suggesting that the behavior of a hypnotized person is a function of that person's expectations about how subjects behave under hypnosis
Term
theory of dissociated control
Definition
the theory that hypnosis weakens the control that the executive function exerts over other subsystems of consciousness
Term
psychoactive drug
Definition
any substance that alters mood, perception, or thought; called a controlled substance if approved for medical use
Term
substance abuse
Definition
continued use of a substance that affects an individual's work, education, and social relationships
Term
physical drug dependence
Definition
a compulsive pattern of drug use in which the user develops a drug tolerance coupled with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug use is discontinued
Term
drug tolerance
Definition
a condition in which the user becomes progressively less affected by the drug and must take increasingly larger doses to maintain the same effect or high
Term
withdrawal symptoms
Definition
the physical and psychological symptoms that occur when a regularly used drug is discontinued and that terminate when the drug is taken again
Term
psychological drug-dependence
Definition
a craving or irresistible urge for a drug's pleasurable effects
Term
stimulants
Definition
a category of drugs that speed up activity in the central nervous system, suppress appetite, and can cause a person to feel more awake, alert, energetic; also called uppers
Term
narcotics
Definition
a class of depressant drugs derived from the opium poppy that produce both pain-relieving and calming effect
Term
hallucinogens
Definition
a category of drugs that can alter and distort perceptions of time and space, alter mood, produce feelings of unreality, and cause hallucinations; also called psychedelics
Term
depressants
Definition
a category of drugs that decrease activity in the central nervous system, slow down bodily functions, and reduce sensitivity to outside stimulation; also called downers
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