Term
|
Definition
| organs specialized to detect a certain stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| convert the stimulus into an electrical signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the type of stimulus to which a sensory organ is particularly adapted |
|
|
Term
| Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies |
|
Definition
1. Receptors and neural channels for different senses are independent
2. Each sense uses a different "nerve energy" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| says that the brain recognizes distinct senses because action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where sensory processing begins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the conversion of electrical energy from a stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptor cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local changes in membrane potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates pain and temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1. Mechanical stimulation deform the corpuscle
2. Deformation of corpuscle stretches the tip of axon
3. Opening of Na+ channels |
|
Definition
| 3 steps to the Pacinian Corpuscle Function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| patterns of action potentials in a sensory system that reflect a stimulus |
|
|
Term
by changing the frequency of its action potentials
(can't increase intensity of action potentials) |
|
Definition
| How a single neuron can convey stimulus intensity |
|
|
Term
| as the stimulus strengthens, more neurons are recruited because there are neurons that have different threshold levels |
|
Definition
| How multiple neurons can convey stimulus intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes place when different cells have different thresholds for firing over a range of stimulus intensities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detects body sensations, including touch and pain |
|
|
Term
| from the position of the activated receptors |
|
Definition
| How stimulus location is determined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the progressive loss of response to a maintained stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
show slow or no decline in action potential frequency
- do not respond to adaptation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| display adaptation and decrease frequency of action potentials |
|
|
Term
1, Accessory structures
Ex: eyelids
2. Central Modulation of Sensory Modulation |
|
Definition
| 2 ways to control information to accentuate important changes in stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Central Modulation of Sensory Modulation |
|
Definition
| higher brain centers suppress some sensory inputs and amplify others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where most sensory pathways pass through on their way to the cerebral cortex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the space in which a stimulus will alter a neuron's firing rate
- differ in size, shape, and response to types of stimulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exists for each modality
- receives touch information from the opposite side of the body |
|
|
Term
| Secondary Sensory Cortex/Non-primary sensory cortex |
|
Definition
receives its main input from the primary cortical area for that modality
- where memories begin to be stored
- maps both sides of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
may be the generalized state of awareness of inputs
- may also allow selection of some inputs over others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allow for intersensory interactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a condition in which a stimulus in one modality creates a sensation in another
Ex: a person may perceive colors when looking at letters, or taste when hear a tone |
|
|
Term
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of skin; thinnest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| middle layer; contains nerve fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchors muscles and helps shape body |
|
|
Term
1. Pacinian Corpuscle
2. Meissner's Corpuscle
3. Merkel's Discs
4. Ruffini's Endings
5. Hair Follicle Receptor |
|
Definition
| 5 tactile receptors perceive touch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delivers touch information to the brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where receptor axons synapse in the spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| Density of body innervation |
|
Definition
| What brain regions reflect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How receptive fields can be changed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an unpleasant experience associated with tissue damage |
|
|
Term
| Congenital Insensitivity to Pain |
|
Definition
| an inherited syndrome where patients cannot sense pain |
|
|
Term
1. Withdraw from its source
2. Engage in recuperative actions
3. Signal others |
|
Definition
| What does pain help us do? |
|
|
Term
1. Sensory-discriminative
2. Motivational-affective
3. Cognitive-evaluative |
|
Definition
| 3 aspects of pain described in the McGill Pain Questionnaire |
|
|
Term
| Sensory-Discriminative Quality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motivational-Affective Quality |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peripheral receptors that respond to painful stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have specialized receptor proteins that respond to temperature changes, chemicals, and pain
- located in the dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the "hot" in chili peppers |
|
|
Term
| Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1) |
|
Definition
the receptor that binds capsaicin
- normally detects painful heat
- located on C fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- detects higher temperatures
- does NOT respond to capsaicin
- is found on A-delta fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large myelinated axons that register pain quickly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin unmyelinated axons that conduct slowly, producing lasting pain |
|
|
Term
| Cool-menthol Receptor 1 (CMR1) |
|
Definition
responds to menthol and to cool temperatures
- located on C fibers |
|
|
Term
| Anterolateral/Spinothalamic System |
|
Definition
| transmits sensations of pain and temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where free nerve endings synapse onto spinal neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - used to excite spinal cells in the dorsal horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a peptide that is released by peripheral fibers
- post-synaptic neurons take it up and remodel dendrites, which may affect pain perception |
|
|
Term
| Neuropathic Pain/Phantom Limb Pain |
|
Definition
| may be due to inappropriate signaling of pain by neurons |
|
|
Term
| when dorsal horn neurons become hyperexcitable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
where pain information is integrated
- different sub-regions are activated if a person is experiencing pain or is empathizing with another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the loss of pain sensation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| endogenous opiate-like peptides in the brain |
|
|
Term
1. Endorphins
2. Enkephalins
3. Dynorphins |
|
Definition
| 3 classes of endogenous opioids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to opiates or opioids |
|
|
Term
| Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) |
|
Definition
delivers electrical pulses to the skin
- relieves pain by stimulating the nerves around the source of pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an opioid antagonist that can block the analgesic effect of TENS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an inert substance that can sometimes relieve pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relieves pain by inducing endorphin release |
|
|
