Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Exam 2 Material
General Principles of Sensory Processing
69
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
03/02/2014

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Sensory Receptor Organs
Definition
organs specialized to detect a certain stimulus
Term
Receptor Cells
Definition
convert the stimulus into an electrical signal
Term
Adequate Stimulus
Definition
the type of stimulus to which a sensory organ is particularly adapted
Term
Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies
Definition

1. Receptors and neural channels for different senses are independent

2. Each sense uses a different "nerve energy" 

Term
Concept of Labeled Lines
Definition
says that the brain recognizes distinct senses because action potentials travel along separate nerve tracts
Term
in receptor cells
Definition
Where sensory processing begins
Term
Sensory Transduction
Definition
the conversion of electrical energy from a stimulus into a change in membrane potential in a receptor cell
Term
Generator Potentials
Definition
local changes in membrane potential
Term
Free Nerve Ending
Definition
Stimulates pain and temperature
Term
Pacinian Corpuscle
Definition
Stimulates vibration
Term
Ruffini's Endings
Definition
Stimulates stretch
Term
1. Mechanical stimulation deform the corpuscle
2. Deformation of corpuscle stretches the tip of axon
3. Opening of Na+ channels
Definition
3 steps to the Pacinian Corpuscle Function
Term
Coding
Definition
patterns of action potentials in a sensory system that reflect a stimulus
Term
by changing the frequency of its action potentials

(can't increase intensity of action potentials)
Definition
How a single neuron can convey stimulus intensity
Term
as the stimulus strengthens, more neurons are recruited because there are neurons that have different threshold levels
Definition
How multiple neurons can convey stimulus intensity
Term
Range Fractionation
Definition
takes place when different cells have different thresholds for firing over a range of stimulus intensities
Term
Somatosensory System
Definition
detects body sensations, including touch and pain
Term
from the position of the activated receptors
Definition
How stimulus location is determined
Term
Adaptation
Definition
the progressive loss of response to a maintained stimulus
Term
Tonic Receptors
Definition

show slow or no decline in action potential frequency

 

- do not respond to adaptation

Term
Phasic Receptors
Definition
display adaptation and decrease frequency of action potentials
Term
1, Accessory structures
Ex: eyelids
2. Central Modulation of Sensory Modulation
Definition
2 ways to control information to accentuate important changes in stimuli
Term
Central Modulation of Sensory Modulation
Definition
higher brain centers suppress some sensory inputs and amplify others
Term
Thalamus
Definition
where most sensory pathways pass through on their way to the cerebral cortex
Term
Receptive Field
Definition

the space in which a stimulus will alter a neuron's firing rate

 

- differ in size, shape, and response to types of stimulation

Term
Primary Sensory Cortex
Definition

exists for each modality

 

- receives touch information from the opposite side of the body

Term
Secondary Sensory Cortex/Non-primary sensory cortex
Definition

receives its main input from the primary cortical area for that modality

 

- where memories begin to be stored

 

- maps both sides of the body

Term
Attention
Definition

may be the generalized state of awareness of inputs

 

- may also allow selection of some inputs over others

Term
Polymodal Cells
Definition
allow for intersensory interactions
Term
Synesthesia
Definition

a condition in which a stimulus in one modality creates a sensation in another

 

Ex: a person may perceive colors when looking at letters, or taste when hear a tone

Term
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis
3. Hypodermis
Definition
3 layers of skin
Term
Epidermis
Definition
outermost layer of skin; thinnest
Term
Dermis
Definition
middle layer; contains nerve fiber
Term
Hypodermis
Definition
anchors muscles and helps shape body
Term
1. Pacinian Corpuscle
2. Meissner's Corpuscle
3. Merkel's Discs
4. Ruffini's Endings
5. Hair Follicle Receptor
Definition
5 tactile receptors perceive touch
Term
Dorsal Column System
Definition
delivers touch information to the brain
Term
Dorsal Column Nuclei
Definition
where receptor axons synapse in the spinal cord
Term
Density of body innervation
Definition
What brain regions reflect
Term
by experience
Definition
How receptive fields can be changed
Term
Pain
Definition
an unpleasant experience associated with tissue damage
Term
Congenital Insensitivity to Pain
Definition
an inherited syndrome where patients cannot sense pain
Term
1. Withdraw from its source
2. Engage in recuperative actions
3. Signal others
Definition
What does pain help us do?
Term
1. Sensory-discriminative
2. Motivational-affective
3. Cognitive-evaluative
Definition
3 aspects of pain described in the McGill Pain Questionnaire
Term
Sensory-Discriminative Quality
Definition
what type of pain it is
Term
Motivational-Affective Quality
Definition
how intense the pain is
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
peripheral receptors that respond to painful stimuli
Term
Free Nerve Endings
Definition

have specialized receptor proteins that respond to temperature changes, chemicals, and pain

 

- located in the dermis

Term
Capsaicin
Definition
the "hot" in chili peppers
Term
Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 (TRPV1)
Definition

the receptor that binds capsaicin

 

- normally detects painful heat

 

- located on C fibers

Term
TRP2 Receptor
Definition

- detects higher temperatures

- does NOT respond to capsaicin

- is found on A-delta fibers

Term
A-delta fibers
Definition
large myelinated axons that register pain quickly
Term
C fibers
Definition
thin unmyelinated axons that conduct slowly, producing lasting pain
Term
Cool-menthol Receptor 1 (CMR1)
Definition

responds to menthol and to cool temperatures

 

- located on C fibers

Term
Anterolateral/Spinothalamic System
Definition
transmits sensations of pain and temperature
Term
Dorsal Horn
Definition
where free nerve endings synapse onto spinal neurons
Term
glutamate
Definition
- used to excite spinal cells in the dorsal horn
Term
Substance P
Definition

a peptide that is released by peripheral fibers

 

- post-synaptic neurons take it up and remodel dendrites, which may affect pain perception

Term
Neuropathic Pain/Phantom Limb Pain
Definition
may be due to inappropriate signaling of pain by neurons
Term
when dorsal horn neurons become hyperexcitable
Definition
What causes chronic pain
Term
Cingulate Cortex
Definition

where pain information is integrated

 

- different sub-regions are activated if a person is experiencing pain or is empathizing with another

Term
Analgesia
Definition
the loss of pain sensation
Term
Opiates
Definition
drugs that control pain
Term
Opioids
Definition
endogenous opiate-like peptides in the brain
Term
1. Endorphins
2. Enkephalins
3. Dynorphins
Definition
3 classes of endogenous opioids
Term
Opioid Receptors
Definition
respond to opiates or opioids
Term
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS)
Definition

delivers electrical pulses to the skin

 

- relieves pain by stimulating the nerves around the source of pain

Term
Naloxone
Definition
an opioid antagonist that can block the analgesic effect of TENS
Term
Placebo
Definition
an inert substance that can sometimes relieve pain
Term
Acupuncture
Definition
relieves pain by inducing endorphin release
Supporting users have an ad free experience!