Term
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Definition
-the total amount of water in the body at a given time
-60% of body weight = water
*4.5% intravascular fluid
*15% extracellular fluid
*10.5% interstitial fluid
*45% intracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| -fluid inside the body cells |
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Term
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Definition
-fluid outside the body cells
-comprised of intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid |
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Term
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Definition
-the fluid within the circulatory system
-blood, plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| -fluid in the body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system |
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Term
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Definition
| -excessive loss of body fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| -the presence or retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| -substance that, in water, separates into electrically charged particles |
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Term
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Definition
-charged particle
-atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| -ion with a positive chareg |
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Term
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Definition
| -ion with a negative charge |
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Term
| Most frequently occurring cations |
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Definition
-Sodium (Na+)
*most prevalent cation in extracellular fluid, important role in transmission of nervous impulses
-Potassium (K+)
*most prevalent cation in intracellular fluid, important in the transmission of electrical impulses
-Calcium (Ca++)
*plays a major role in muscle contraction as well as nervous impulse transmission
-Magnesium (Mg++)
*necessary for several biological processes that occur in the body, closely associated with phosphate in many processes |
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Term
| Most frequently occurring anions |
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Definition
-Chloride (Cl-)
*close association with sodium
-Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
*principle buffer of the body, neutralizes hydrogen (H+) ions and other organic acids
-Phosphate (HPO4-)
*important in body energy stores |
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Term
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Definition
| -a substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concentration of hydrogen ions |
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Term
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Definition
| -equal in concentration of solute molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| -having greater concentration of solute molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| -having lesser concentration of solute molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| -the difference in concentration between solutions on opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| -the movement of molecules through a membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of lesser concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| -the passage of a solvent such as water through a membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient
-from an area of lesser concentration to an area of higher concentration, opposite normal direction of diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| -diffusion of a substance such as glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper" or carrier protein |
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Term
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Definition
| -the pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to pull water from the other side of the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
-form of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma
-in the capillaries, the plasma colloids tend to pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane into the capillary |
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Term
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Definition
-blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heartbeat
-tends to force water out of the capillaries and into the interstitial space |
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Term
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Definition
-Forces favoring filtration - Forces opposing filtration
-Oncotic force vs Hydrostatic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-excess fluid in the interstitial space
-occurs when there is a disruption in the forces and mechanisms that normally keep net filtration at zero
*decrease in plasma oncotic force
*increase in hydrostatic pressure
*increased capillary permeability
*lymphatic channel obstruction
-can be localized or general |
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Term
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Definition
-introduction of fluids and other substances into the venous side of the circulatory system
-used to replace blood lost through hemorrhage, for electrolyte replacement and for introduction of medications directly into the vascular system |
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Term
| Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrying solutions |
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Definition
| -IV fluids that have the capability to transport oxygen and are compatible with all blood types |
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Term
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Definition
-substances, such as proteins or starches, consisting of large molecules or molecule aggregates that disperse evenly within a liquid without forming a true solution
-remain in interstitial space for extended period of time
-have oncotic force
*Plasmanate
*Salt-poor albumin
*Dextran
*Hetastarch |
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Term
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Definition
-substances capable of crystallization
-in solution, unlike colloids, they can diffuse through a membrane, such as a capillary wall
-primary compounds used in pre-hospital IN fluid therapy |
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Term
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Definition
| -solute concentration or osmotic pressure relative to the blood plasma or body cells |
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Term
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Definition
-have electrolyte composition similar to the blood plasma
-will not cause significant electrolyte of fluid shift
*Normal saline
*Lactated ringers |
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Term
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Definition
-have a higher solute concentration than the cells
-tend to cause fluid shift out of the interstitial space and intracellular compartment intro the intravascular space in a normally hydrated patient
*Plasmanate
*Dextran |
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Term
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Definition
-lower solute concentration than the cells
-will cause movement of fluid from the intravascular space into the interstitial space and intracellular compartment
*D5W |
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Term
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Definition
-dynamic relationship that reflects the relative concentration of hydrogen (H+) ions in the body
-Hydrogen ions are acidic and the concentration of these within the body must be maintained withing fairly strict limits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-high concentration of hydrogen ions
-pH lower than 7.35 |
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Term
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Definition
-a low concentration of hyrogen ions
-pH higher than 7.45 |
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Term
| Bodily regulation of Acid-Base balance |
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Definition
-body constantly producing hydrogen ions
-must be constantly eliminated form the body
-3 major mechanisms
*bicarbonate buffer system
*respiration
*kidney function |
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Term
| Bicarbonate buffer system |
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Definition
-fastest mechanism to remove hydrogen ions
-increase in hydrogen ions is corrected as the excess ions combine with bicarbonate ions to form carbonic acid
-conversely, when there is a deficit of hydrogen ions, carbonic acid will dissociate into bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ion
-carbonic acid will eventually dissociate into carbon dioxide and water |
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Term
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Definition
-increased respirations cause increased elimination of CO2, which results in a decrease in hydrogen ions and in increase in pH
-conversely, decreased respirations cause CO2 to be retained which causes and increase in hyrdrogen ions and a decrease in pH |
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Term
| Alteration of pH by the kidneys |
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Definition
| -regulate pH by altering the concentration of bicarbonate in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| -acidity caused by abnormal retention of carbon dioxide from impaired ventilations |
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Term
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Definition
| -alkilinity caused by excessive elimination of carbon dioxide resulting from increased respirations |
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Term
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Definition
| -acidity caused by an increase in acid, often because of increased production of acids during metabolism or from causes such as vomiting, diarrhea, diabetes or medication |
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Term
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Definition
| -alkalinity caused by an increase in plasma bicarbonate resulting from causes including diuresis, vomiting, or ingestion of too much sodium bicarbonate |
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