Term
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Definition
-inherited traits are determined by molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid
-form genes |
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Term
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Definition
-some thought to be purely genetic
*may be caused by a single defective gene or by several defective genes or chromosomes
-Multifactorial
*combination of family history and environmental factors |
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Definition
| -host, agent and environment |
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Definition
-genetic disposition, gender and ethnic origin
-may interact with a specific agent, in a specific environment to cause illness |
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Definition
| -may be a bacterium, toxin, gunshot or other pathophysiological process |
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Definition
| -may be defined by the local climate, socioeconomic or demographic features, culture, religion, and associated factors |
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Definition
| -incidence, prevalence and mortality |
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Term
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Definition
| -the number of new cases of the disease that are reported in a given period of time, usually 1 year. |
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Definition
| -proportion of the total population who are affected by the disease at a given point of time |
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Definition
| -the rate of death from the disease |
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Definition
-rheumatic fever, allergies and asthma
-more prevalent among those with a family history of the disorder but also involve other risk factors |
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Definition
-rheumatic fever, allergies and asthma
-more prevalent among those with a family history of the disorder but also involve other risk factors |
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Definition
-inflammatory reaction to an infection, but is not an infection
-hereditary factor, but inadequate nutrition and crowded living conditions are contributing factors |
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Definition
-often have family history factor
-triggered by exposure to allergens and can usually be controlled by avoiding or reducing the presence of allergens as well as with medications |
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Term
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Definition
| -propensity for airway-narrowing response to various stimuli |
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Definition
| -wide variety of family history and environmental factors are included among the risk factors |
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Term
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Definition
-most common is diabetes mellitus
-Type I, must take insulin daily because the pancreas produces no to almost no insulin, required for cellular utilization of glucose
-Type II accounts for 80% of all cases
-associated with a decreased insulin receptor response or a decrease in insulin production
-Majority of Type II diabetics are obese |
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Definition
-many causes, such as gene alteration and histocompatibility (tissue interaction) dysfunctions.
Include hemophilia, hemochromatosis and anemia |
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Definition
-heredity a major risk factor
-include prolongation of the QT interval, mitral valve prolapse, coronary artery disease, hypertension and cardiomyopathy |
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Term
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Definition
| -caused by a wide variety of factors (primarily hypertension) which may eventually require dialysis. |
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Term
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Definition
-may have both genetic and environmental disorders
-Gout |
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Term
| Gastrointestinal disorders |
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Definition
-variety of causes and the causes of some disorders are unknown
-lactose intolerance, Crohn's disease, peptic ulcers, cholecystitis, obesity |
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Definition
-variety of causes
-huntington's disease, MS, Alzheimer's |
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Definition
-genetic and biological causes being studied and increasingly understood
-schizophrenia, manic-depressive illness, bipolar disorders |
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Definition
| -the supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries |
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Definition
-inadequate perfusion of the body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues.
-also called shock |
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Term
| Components of the circulatory system |
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Definition
-the pump (heart)
-the fluid (blood)
-the container (blood vessels) |
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Term
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Definition
| -receives blood from the venous system, pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation and then it pumps it to the peripheral tissues |
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Term
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Definition
-70 mL
-the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction
-factors affecting: preload, cardiac contractile force, afterload |
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Term
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Definition
-the amount of blood delivered to the heart during diastole
-depends on venous return |
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Term
| Cardiac contractile force |
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Definition
-affected by preload
-the greater the volume of preload, the more the ventricles are stretched, the greater the stretch the greater the cardiac contraction (Frank-Starling mechanism) |
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Term
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Definition
-the resistance a contraction of the heart must overcome in order to eject blood
-determined by the degree of peripheral vascular resistance
-the greater the arterial resistance, the less the stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
-the amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute
*Stroke volume x Heart rate = CO |
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Term
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Definition
| -Cardiac output x peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
| Peripheral vascular resistance |
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Definition
-the resistance of the vessels to the flow of blood
-increased when vessels constrict, decreased when they dilate
-governed by; the length of the vessel, the diameter of the vessel and blood viscosity |
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Term
| Compensatory mechanisms and negative feedback loops |
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Definition
| -barorecpetors in the carotid sinuses and the aortic arch closely monitor blood pressure, and send messages to the brain that help to regulate changes in blood pressure |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
-comprised of the small vessels; the arterioles, capillaries and venules.
-responsive to local tissue needs
precapillary sphincter responds to local tissue needs |
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Term
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Definition
| -flow through vessels regulated by peripheral vascular resistance and pressure within the system |
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Term
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Definition
Fli-substances with endocrine functions that affect the circulatory system
-two substances play role in perfusion
-Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
*manufactured, stored and released by atrial muscle cells in response to such things as atrial distention and sympathetic stimulation
-Brain Natriuretic Peptide
*manufactured, stoed and released by ventricular muscle cells in response to ventricular dilation and sympathetic stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
-adequate concentration of inspired oxygen
-appropriate movement of O2 across alveolar/capillary membrane into the arterial bloodstream
-adequate number of red blood cells to carry the oxygen
-proper tissue perfusion
-efficient off-loading of oxygen at the tissue level |
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Term
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Definition
-inadequate pump
*inadequate preload
*inadequate cardiac contractile strength
*inadequate heart rate
*excessive afterload
-inadequate fluid
*hypovolemia
-inadequate container
*dilated container w/o change in fluid volume (inadequate systemic vascular resistance)
*leak in container |
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Term
| 2 characteristics of impaired cellular metabolism |
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Definition
-impaired oxygen use
-impaired glucose use |
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Term
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Definition
-the second stage of metabolism, requiring the presence of oxygen
-breakdown of glucose yields a high amount of energy
-aerobic means "with oxygen" |
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Term
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Definition
-first stage of metabolism, which does not require oxygen
-breakdown of glucose produces pyruvic acid and yields very little energy
-anaerobic means "without oxygen" |
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Term
| Change from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism |
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Definition
-when cells don't receive enough O2 or cannot use it effectively
-far less efficient means of producing energy |
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Term
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Definition
-decrease in arterial blood pressure by the baroreceptors, activates several body systems that attempt to reestablish a normal blood pressure
-endocrine system secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine , causing increased heart rate, increased cardiac contractile force and arteriolar constriction |
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Term
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Definition
| -the body's compensatory mechanisms are able to maintain normal perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
-when the body's compensatory mechanisms are no longer available to maintain normal perfusion
*hallmark is fall in BP
-progressive shock |
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Term
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Definition
| -no medical intervention can reverse the condition and death is inevitable |
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Term
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Definition
-cardiogenic
-hypovolemic
-neurogenic
-anaphylactic
-septic |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by insufficient cardiac output
-inability of the heart to pump enough blood to perfuse all parts of the body
-major difference is presence of pulmonary edema with difficulty breathing |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by decreased blood or water volume
-loss of intravascular fluid volume
-internal or external hemorrhage, traumatic injury, long-bone or open fractures, severe dehydration from vomiting/diarrhea, plasma loss from burns, excessive sweating, DKA |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by an obstruction that interferes with return of blood to the heart
-PE, cardiac temponade, tension pneumothorax |
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Term
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Definition
-caused by abnormal distribution and return of blood
-vasodilation, vasopermeability, or both (neurogenic, anaphylactic, septic) |
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Term
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Definition
| -greatly increased urination and dehydration due to high levels of glucose that cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules, causing a loss of water into the urine |
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Term
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Definition
| -resulting from brain or spinal cord injury that causes an interruption of nerve impulses to the arteries with loss of arterial tone, dilation, and relative hypovolemia |
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Term
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Definition
| -life-threatening allergic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| -develops as a result of infection carried by the bloodstream, eventually causing dysfunction of multiple organ systems |
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Term
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Definition
| -progressive impairment of two or more organ systems resulting from an uncontrolled inflammatory response to a severe illness or injury |
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