Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug that binds with a receptor to produce a thera-peutic response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| agent that binds to a receptor but produces a limited response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drugs that join with a receptor to prevent the action of an agonist. The therapeutic action in this case is blocking the receptors function. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drug with both agonist and antagonist properties |
|
|
Term
| Oral drugs go through how many phases? What are they |
|
Definition
| 3; the pharmaceutic phase, pharmacokinetic phase, and pharmacodynamic phase |
|
|
Term
| Identify the pharmaceutic phase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the pharmaceutic phase |
|
Definition
| A tablet or capsule ( solid forms of a drug) goes through this phase as it disintegrates into small particles and dissolves into the body fluids in the GI tract. Tablets that have an enteric coating or time- release capsules do not disintegrate until they reach the alkaline environment of the small intestine. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to activities within the body after a drug is administered. |
|
|
Term
| Identify the pharses during Pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
| absorption-> distribution-> metabolism-> excretion and half-life. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a measure of the rate at which drugs are removed from the body. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular energy is used to move the drug from an area of low concentration to one of high con-centration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| no cellular energy is used as the drug moves from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration ( small molecules diffuse across the cell mem-brane) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells engulf the drug particle ( the cell forms a vesicle to transport the drug into the inner cell) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a drug is passed through small intestine -> liver. Liver may metabolize most before releasing to body. when released into circulation remaining amount may not be enough to produce therapeutic effect. Patient will need higher dose. |
|
|
Term
| Drugs interact with specific receptors during.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This part of the circulatory system distributes drugs to various tissues or target sites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain the distribution process |
|
Definition
| Dependant upon protien binding, blood flow and solubility. Comes into contact with plasma protien albumin. May or may not bind. If bind, remains pharmacologically inactive until released. Once released (also known as free) produce therapeutic effects.Once released drug difusses into the tissue-> interacts w/ receptor-> therapeutic effect. |
|
|
Term
| Identify the areas where distribution occurs more quickly. |
|
Definition
| Areas w/ large blood supply; heart, liver, and kidneys. |
|
|
Term
| Identify the areas where distribution occurs more slowly. |
|
Definition
| Internal organs, skin and muscles. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of solubility |
|
Definition
| Lipid-soluble, water-soluble |
|
|
Term
True or False
Solubility affects its distribution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Lipid- soluble drugs do not easily cross the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Water- soluble drugs easily cross the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Metabolism, also called.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is the process by which the body changes a drug to a more or less active form that can be excreted |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is the results of a drug after being metabolized and ready for excretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are most drugs metabolized by? |
|
Definition
| liver, although the kidneys, lungs, plasma, and intestinal mucosa aid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the elimination of a drug from the body |
|
|
Term
| Refers to the time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Knowledge of half-life is important in planning the frequency of dosing. Give an example. |
|
Definition
| drugs with a short half- life ( 2 to 4 hours) need to be admin-istered frequently, whereas a drug with a long half- life ( 21 to 24 hours) requires less frequent administration |
|
|
Term
| How often do drugs with a short half-life need to be administered? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How often do drugs with a long half-life need to be administered? |
|
Definition
| 21-24 hours (infrequently) |
|
|
Term
| What can cause difficulty in excreting a drug? What can occur with this? |
|
Definition
| patients with liver or kidney disease. It increases the half-life and increases the risk of toxicity |
|
|
Term
| What are three important factors when considering a drugs pharmacokinetics |
|
Definition
| Onset of action, Peak concentration, Duration of action |
|
|
Term
Time between administration of the drug and onset of its therapeutic effects.
A) Peak Concentration
B) Duration of Action
C) Onset of action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
When absorption rate equals the elimination rate (not always the time o f peak response)
A) Peak Concentration
B) Duration of Action
C) Onset of action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
length of time the drug produces a therapeutic effect.
A) Peak Concentration
B) Duration of Action
C) Onset of action |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the study of the drug mechanisms that produce biochemical or physicological changes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most drugs have an affinity for certain organs or tissues and exert their greatest action at cellulr level on on those specific areas called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A drug exerts its action by two main mechanisms |
|
Definition
1. Alteration in cellular function
2. Alteration in cellular environment |
|
|
Term
| A drug that alters ------ can increase or decrease certain physicological funcitons such as increasing heart rate, decreasing blood pressure, or increasing urine output. |
|
Definition
| Alteration in cellular function |
|
|
Term
| Identify the proces of Receptor-Medlated Drug action |
|
Definition
| a drug molecule selectivly joins with a reactive site, the receptor, on the surface of a cell. This interaction is a a pharmacologic response. |
|
|
Term
| Name the two types of Receptor-Medlated drug actions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a drug that binds with a receptor and stimu-lates the receptor to produce a therapeutic response. |
|
|
Term
| There are two types of antagonist, name them. |
|
Definition
| competative and noncompetative |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a competative antagonist? |
|
Definition
| It competes witn the agonist for the receptor site. |
|
|
Term
| Can you reverse the effects of a competative antagonist? How? |
|
Definition
| Yes, administering a larger dose of an agonist. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the noncompetative antagonist? |
|
Definition
| The noncompetative antagonists binds with the receptor site and always blocks the effect of the agonist |
|
|
Term
| Can you reverse the effects of a noncompetative antagonist? How? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain Receptor-Medlated Drug effect |
|
Definition
| The number of available receptor sites influences the effects of a drug.few receptor sites, many available, response will be small. When drug is increased, more receptor sites used, response increases. When only few receptor sites, administer more drug does not mean more response. Some extremely potent drugs are effective even when the drug occupies few receptor sites. |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the pharmacodynamic phase during alteration in the cellular environment? |
|
Definition
| Two changes can occur; physical or chemical. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during physical changes in the cellular environment during the pharmacodynamic phase? |
|
Definition
| changes in osmotic pressure, lubrication, absorption, or the conditions on the surface of the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a drug that changes osmotic pressure. What happens when this is given? |
|
Definition
| mannitol, changes the osmotic pressure in brain cells, causing a reduction in cerebral edema. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a drug that alters it's cellular environment by lubrication is.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a drug that acts by altering absorption. How is it administered and how does it work? |
|
Definition
| Charcoal, it is given orally and absorbs the toxin ingested in the GI tract. |
|
|
Term
| is an example of a drug that acts by altering the surface of the cellular mem-brane. It has emulsifying and lubricating activity that lowers the surface tension in the cells of the bowel, permit-ting water and fats to enter the stool. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a stool softener. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemical changes in the cellular environment include.. |
|
Definition
| inactivation of cellular function, or alteration of the chemical components of body fluid, such as pH. |
|
|
Term
| Give an example of a chemical change in the cellular environment |
|
Definition
| antacids neutralize gastric acidity in patients with peptic ulcers. Cancer drugs incorporate themselves into the normal metabolic processes if the cell and cause a defective final product. |
|
|
Term
| Identify the 5 catagories for controlled substances |
|
Definition
| Schedule I, II, II, IV, V |
|
|
Term
| Define Schedule I of controlled substances and give examples. |
|
Definition
| 1) High abuse potential 2) Lack of accepted saftey, not approved for medical us in the US. Ex: heoin, maijuana, ecstasy, peyote |
|
|
Term
| Define Schedule II of controlled substances and give examples. |
|
Definition
| 1)Potential for high abuse with severe physical or psychological dependence. 2) Approved for medical use. Ex: opiods such as meperidine, morphine, oxycodone, amphetamines, and cocaine |
|
|
Term
| Define Schedule III of controlled substances and give examples. |
|
Definition
| 1) Less abuse potential as Schedule II 2) Potential for moderate physical and psychological dependence and approved for use in the US. Ex: anabolic steriods, ketamine, hydrocodone/codeine compounded with nonsterdoidal anti-infalmmatory |
|
|
Term
| Define Schedule IV of controlled substances and give examples. |
|
Definition
| 1) LEss abuse potential than Sched III. 2) Limited dependence potential and approved in US. Ex: Some sedative, anxiety agents, nonopioid anaglesics, "diet drugs" |
|
|
Term
| Define Schedule V of controlled substances and give examples. |
|
Definition
| 1)Limited abuse potential and approved by the US. Ex: small amount of opioid (codeine) used as antitussives or anti diarrheals, pregabalin (Lyrica) |
|
|
Term
| Identify the 5 catagories of drug use during pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define Pregnancy Catagory A |
|
Definition
| Adequate, well- controlled studies in pregnant women have not shown an increased risk of fetal abnormalities to the fetus in any trimester of pregnancy. |
|
|
Term
| Define Pregnancy Catagory B |
|
Definition
| Animal studies have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus; however, there are no adequate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women. OR Animal studies have shown an adverse effect, but adequate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women have failed to demonstrate a risk to the fetus in any trimester. |
|
|
Term
| Define Pregnancy Catagory C |
|
Definition
| Animal studies have shown an adverse effect and there are no adequate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women. OR No animal studies have been conducted and there are no ade-quate and well- controlled studies in pregnant women. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adequate well- controlled or observational studies in pregnant women have demonstrated a risk to the fetus. However, potential benefits may outweigh the risk to the fetus. If needed in a life- threatening situation or a serious dis-ease, the drug may be acceptable if safer drugs cannot be used or are ineffective. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adequate well- controlled or observational studies in animals or pregnant women have demonstrated positive evidence of fetal abnormalities or risks. The use of the product is contraindicated in women who are or may become pregnant. |
|
|
Term
| What is the best rule of thumb with regards for prescriptions for pregnant women |
|
Definition
| Regardless of the pregnancy category or the presumed safety of the drug, no drug should be administered during pregnancy unless it is clearly needed and the potential benefits outweigh potential harm to the fetus. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to describe any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a decreased response to a drug, requiring an increase in dosage to achieve desired effect. |
|
|
Term
| Define cumulative drug effect. |
|
Definition
| when the body is unable to metabolize and excrete one dose of a drug before the next is given. |
|
|
