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Definition
| scientific name, describes atomic, molecular structure |
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| Trade (brand, proprietary) name |
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| selected by drug company, copyright protected |
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1962, Federal government mandated use of one official name per drug
Listed in:
United States Pharmacopeia
National Formulary |
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Definition
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Definition
| groups drugs with similar characteristics |
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Definition
| groups drugs by therapeutic use |
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| Plants, Animals, Minerals |
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Definition
| Metallic, non-metallic [iron, iodine, Epsom salts] |
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Definition
| Hormones [insulin], oils [cod liver oil], enzymes [pancreatin, pepsin], vaccines [micro-organisms] |
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Definition
| Alkaloids [caffeine, nicotine], glycosides [digoxin], gums [seaweed extractions], resins, oils [peppermint, castor oil] |
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| synthetically made in laboratory |
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Definition
Isolate and intensify active component
Manipulate molecular structure |
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Term
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Definition
Method influences the
Quantity given
Absorption rate
Distribution in body |
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Definition
| Oral (PO): patient conscious, can swallow; drug withstands stomach acids |
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| into capillary bed under tongue |
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Definition
| in pouch between cheek and gum |
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Definition
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| Rectal (PR), vaginal: suppositories, ointments, creams, gels |
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Definition
| gases rapidly absorbed; metered-dose inhaler |
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Definition
| local delivery through skin, mucous membrane [dermatologic, ophthalmic, nasal preparations] |
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Definition
| “patch” applied to skin, drug enters blood through capillaries |
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Definition
| “patch” applied to skin, drug enters blood through capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| directly into GI system, patient can’t ingest orally |
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Definition
| : injected into skin (dermis) |
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Definition
| * Intravenous (IV): rapid onset, injected directly into blood |
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Definition
| Intramuscular (IM): injected into muscle; drug enters blood through capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Subcutaneous (SubQ, SC): injected into subcutaneous tissue; drug enters blood through capillaries |
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Term
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Definition
| Investigational New Drug (IND): new drug application after animal studies prove safety, effectiveness |
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Term
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Definition
Phase I: tested on healthy volunteers
Phase II: tested on people with specific disease
Phase III: more people, look for adverse effects
Phase IV: post-market surveillance; reports from doctors on therapeutic or adverse effects |
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New Drug Application (NDA): years later
Treatment Investigational New Drug (treatment IND): expedited approval due to public health threat [AIDS drugs] |
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Definition
| Study of what happens from time drug enters body until it, and all its metabolites, leave body: |
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Definition
: rate drug leaves site of administration
Fast: seconds, minutes (sublingual, IV, inhalation)
Slow: (oral, IM, SC)
Slowest: hours, days (rectally, sustained-release) |
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Definition
| Influenced by: blood flow, stress, diet, drug formulation, drug-drug interaction |
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Term
First-pass effect: liver metabolizes drug
Oral drugs absorbed in small intestine - liver (first-pass effect)- circulated to rest of body |
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Definition
May inactivate/lower amount of active drug released into circulation
Necessitates higher oral drug dosage for desired effect |
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Distribution factors
Drug delivery to site of action (body tissues, fluids) |
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Definition
Blood flow: faster to heart, liver, kidneys; slower to internal organs, skin, fat, muscle
Solubility: lipid-soluble cross cell membrane, blood-brain barrier; water-soluble don’t
Protein binding: bound part therapeutically inactive; free (unbound) portion active |
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Term
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Definition
Body changes drug from dosage form to excretable water-soluble form:
Into inactive metabolites
Into active metabolites with own pharmacologic action |
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Term
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Definition
| inactive drugs, become active after metabolized |
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Term
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Definition
Drug elimination from body:
Kidneys -urine
Lungs -exhalation
Exocrine glands -sweat, saliva, milk
Skin -sweat
Intestinal tract -feces |
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Definition
50% of drug in blood eliminated every ½ life
Helps determine dosage frequency |
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Term
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Definition
| Drug administration = drug excretion |
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Definition
| time interval from drug administration to therapeutic effect |
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Definition
| absorption rate = elimination rate |
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Definition
| length of therapeutic effect |
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Definition
Study of mechanism of drug action on biological system
Drug forms chemical bond with specific receptor sites on surface of cell |
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Definition
| initiate cell response after binding cell receptor |
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Definition
| incomplete binding, prevents cell response |
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Term
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Definition
| : competes with agonist for receptor site; reversible binding |
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| Antagonist Non-competitive: |
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Definition
| binds receptor, blocking agonist binding; irreversible binding |
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