Term
| What makes an organism alive? |
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Definition
*metabolism
*regulation
*reproduction
*growth
*adaptation to the environment
*organization
* |
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Term
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Definition
*similarity among organisms
*could inform us about
evolutionary processes
*discover differences among organisms
which can have unanticipated
applications |
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Term
| How is physiology determined? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the chemistry and physics by which physiology is determined? |
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Definition
*electical theory
*thermodynamics
*mechanical theory |
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Term
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Definition
*opposites charges attract
*like charges repel |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of heat and energy |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of organisms can be reduced to equations |
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Term
| What are the origins of physiological diversity? |
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Definition
*evolution
*phenotypic platicity
*reaction norm
*acclimatization
*circadian rythms |
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Term
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Definition
Adaptations(product of natural selection)arises in response to a particular pressure (i.e. fish survive in freezing temperatures) Gould suggests that there needs to be some method to prove that the adptation was evolved form pressure to do so. (an adaptation can be evolved for on reasonn and then have an extra benifit)
*evolution through gentic drift |
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Term
| phenotypic plasticity (same genotype different phenotype): |
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Definition
*epigenetics - how genes are turned on
and regulated
*single genotype yielding a greater
than one in response to environment
*may or may not be reversible |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| reversible changes in phenotype in response to changing lab environment |
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Term
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Definition
| reversible changes in phenotype in response to changes in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| hormonal levels during the day which will change |
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Term
| By which means in physiology regulated? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*the maintaining of ~constant internal
conditions
*negative feedback
*positive feedback
*antagonistic control
*positive feed or forward control |
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Term
| structure is related to function |
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Definition
function is related to structure
(change the structure, change the function) |
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Term
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Definition
| physiology is in modules that work together |
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Term
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Definition
| Control centers and release of hormones work other things |
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Term
| An organisms size affects function |
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Definition
A = 4(pi)(r(squared)
V = 4/3(pi)(r(cubed) |
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Term
| What is studied in physiology? |
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Definition
*mechanisms (how do things work?)
*evolutionary explanations
*physiological ecology
*developmental physiology
*comparative physiology |
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Term
| Mechanisms of studying physiology: |
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Definition
How do things work?
*genetic scale
*protein function
*cellular physiology
*community physiology |
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Term
| Studying evolutionary explanations of physiology: |
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Definition
*how did it come to be?
*why not something else?
*consts ant trade-offs |
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Term
| Studying developmental physiology: |
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Definition
| as organisms grow and develop and specialize their physiology changes |
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Term
| Studying comparative physiology |
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Definition
| comparing the physiology of different organisms in order to indentivy general principles |
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Term
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Definition
Reductionist science
* study of a part of a complex system
emergent properies:
*the behavior of a system is not
equal to the sum of the parts |
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Term
| According August Krogh.... |
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Definition
| ...for every question in physiology there is and ideal organism to study it. |
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Term
| Characteristics of plants: |
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Definition
*autotrophic
*asymmetric
*receptors
*have a larger proteinome than animals |
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Term
| What characteristics does being heterotrophic provide? |
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Definition
*nutritionally self sufficient
*can afford to be stationary
*CO2 is converted to carbohydrates
*carbohydrates are used for building
*soil metabolism alows for the taking
up of vitamins and minerals
*indeterminent growth
*non-specialized cells throughout
the body allow for the shedding and
replacement of organs
*modular growth and greater autonomy
*biochemical adaptation to exposure |
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Term
| In what are plant recepters involved? |
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Definition
*communication
*learning (immune system)
*regulation
*perceiving |
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Term
| Characteristics of animals: |
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Definition
*movement
*heterotrophic
*centralized for greater efficiency
*cognition
*communication
*perception
*regulation
*learning |
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Term
| What are the consequences of being heterotophic? |
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Definition
*since the animals need to find food they have developed:
*musculoskeltal system
*nervous system
*sensory organs |
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Term
| What are the components of an organism? |
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Definition
1. cells (50-300)
2. tissues (cells of single type and
function.)
3. organs (several tisxsues working as
the same function)
4. organ systems (groups of
cooperating organs) |
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Term
| What are the vertabrate animal tissues? |
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Definition
*epithelium
*connective tissue
*muscle tissue
*nerve tissue |
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Term
| What is epithelium tissue? |
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Definition
*covers the surfaces of the body (skin,
digestive tract)
*provides defense/barrier
*in the glands
*highly regenerative |
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Term
| Three types of connective tissue: |
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Definition
*adipose (loose)
*tendons
*blood |
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Term
|
Definition
*parenchyma
*collenchyma
*sclerenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
Living and divers
1.The functional tissue of an organ as
distinguished from the connective
and supporting tissue.
2.The cellular tissue, typically soft
and succulent, found chiefly in the
softer parts of leaves, pulp of
fruits, bark and pith of stems, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| provides structure for the plants; a strengthening and supporting tissue in plants, consisting of elongated living cells whose walls are thickened with cellulose and pectins |
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Term
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Definition
| provides a thick wall and structure; Strengthening tissue in a plant, formed from thick-walled cells. |
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Term
| What are the organ systems? (9) |
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Definition
*Nervous system
*Respiratory system
*Excretory system
*digestive system
*reproductive system
*circulatory system
*muscular and skeletal system
*immune system
*integumentary system |
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Term
| From where is information from the external environment relayed? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Fromulated by Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann in 1838 states:
organism are made up of units
called cells |
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Term
| What is "milieu interieur"? |
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Definition
postulated by Claude Bernard:
living organisms preserve a
distinct internal environment
despite changes in the external
environment.
this was later developed into the idea of "homeostasis" by Walter B. Cannon. |
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Term
| Physiological processes obey the laws of physics and chemistry |
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Definition
- Mechanical engineering rules apply to physical properties of animals
- Chemical laws, including the effects of temperature, govern interactions between biological molecules
- Electrical laws describe membrane function of all cells, including excitable cells
- Body size affects manyy physiological processes
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Term
| Physiological processes are usually regulated. |
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Definition
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal constancy
- Negative feedback loops help mantain homeostasis
- Positive feedback loops generate an explosive response
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Term
| The physiological phenotype is a product of the genotype and the environment. |
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Definition
- Even identical genotypes can result in different phenotypes
- Phenotype changes with normal development
- Phenotype changes with environmental and physiological challenges
- Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of a pheotype to change in resopnse to envronmental conditions
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Term
| A genotype is the product of evolution, actiong through natural selection and other evolutionary processes. |
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Definition
- The definition of adaptation is context dependent
- In the strictest evolutionary sense, adaptation refers to a trait that confers an increase in reproductive success
- Adaptation can also refer to phenotypic changes that improve the performance of a physiological system, without underlying evolutionary change
- Not all physiological differences are adaptations
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Term
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Definition
| The quantitative relationship between body size and physiological parameters, such as metabolic rate and respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| allow internal econditions to change when faced with variation in external conditions; i.e. the body temperature of a fish with be low in cold water and high in warm water. |
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Term
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Definition
| maintain relatively constant internal conditions regardless of the conditions int the external environment |
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Term
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Definition
- a method by which animals maintain homeostasis
- a change in teh internal or external environment provides a stimulus; the stimulus then causes a response.
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Term
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Definition
- independent regulators that exert opposite efects on a stem or pathway; i.e. the hormones insulin and glucagon are antagonistic controllers of glucose levels
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Term
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Definition
- a control which maintains the parameter of a setpoint (body temperature)
- In response to a stimulus (high temperature) a signal is sent (to sweat) back to the stimulus, reducing the intensity of the stimulus
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Term
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Definition
- works to maximize changes in the regulated variable
i.e. chilbirth |
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Term
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Definition
- ability of a single genotype to generate more than one phenotype, depending on environmental conditions
- some are reversible and some are irreversible
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Term
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Definition
- pheotypic plasticity in which development under different conditions results in alternative phenotypes in teh adult organism that cannot be reversed by subsequent changes in the environment
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Term
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Definition
- the range of phenotypes produced by a particular genotype in different environments, applies to phenotypes that exist as a continuum
i.e. when water fleas are reared in the presence of predators they develop large, armored, helmet-shaped heads and an elongated spiny tail. |
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