Term
Surgical and Autopsy pathology are examples of what kind of hospital pathology? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of hospital pathology includes microbiology, immunology, chemistry, and hematology? |
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Definition
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Term
What are 4 kinds of cellular adaptation? |
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Definition
hypertrophy atrophy hyperplasia metaplasia |
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Term
True or false: the number of organelles increases in a cell undergoing hypertrophy |
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Definition
True (# of cells do not increase) |
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Term
| What type of cell death is virtually pathognomonic for Tuberculosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name 3 types of pyogenic bacteria |
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Definition
(pus-producing)
Staph aureus
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Chlamydia tracomatis |
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Term
| What type of cell death is unique to the lesions of syphilis? |
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Definition
Gummatous necrosis
(rubbery consistency) |
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Term
What is hemosiderin?
How is it distinguished from lipofuscin? |
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Definition
An accumulation of iron in cells, especially macrophages.
Hemosiderin has a positive reaction with the Prussian blue stain, unlike lipofuscin or melanin. |
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Term
| itis at the end of a word indicates what ? |
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Definition
inflammation
e.g. periodontitis (inflammation of periodontia)
blepharitis (" " " " eyelid)
panniculitis (" " " " adipose tissue)
sialadenitis (" " " " salivary glands)
cheilitis (" " " " lip) |
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Term
| Pulmonary edema is typically seen in the case of _____ ventricular heart failure, while dependent edema is seen in the case of _____ ventricular heart failure. |
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Definition
pulmonary edema - left ventricular heart failure
dependent edema - right ventricular heart failure |
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Term
| What type of metaplasia occurs in the respiratory tract in response to chronic irritation, such as cigarrette smoke? |
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Definition
Stratified Squamous cell metaplasia
- the replacement of normal columnar epithelium with non-ciliated squamous cells |
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Term
| What kind of metaplasia occurs in the espophagus in response to acid reflux? |
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Definition
Columnar cell metaplasia
- the replacement of normal esophageal squamous cells by intestinal-like columnar cells
- aka Barrett esophagus |
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Term
What cellular adaptation occurs in response to chronic chemical or physical irritation? |
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Definition
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Term
What cellular adaptation occurs in response to decreased nutrition or stimulation? |
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Definition
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Term
What cellular adaptations can occur in response to increased cellular demand? |
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Definition
Hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy |
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Term
What type of cell death is always pathologic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of physiologic hyperplasia? |
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Definition
Hormonal – increases functional capacity
Compensatory – increases tissue mass after resection or damage |
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Term
Cellular swelling, hydropic change, and vacuolar degeneration are associated with ____? |
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Definition
Acute reversible cell injury |
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Term
Reperfusion of ischemic tissues after oxygen deprivation can introduce cell-damaging reactive oxygen species (H2O2, superoxide radical, etc). What are the 3 principle enzymes that would prevent such damage? |
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Definition
Major antioxidant enzymes:
Super oxide dismutase (SOD)
catalase
glutathione peroxidase |
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Term
| Enzymic fat necrosis leading to fat saponification is virtually pathognomonic for what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
BAX and BAK and BAD proteins promote ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What do BCL-2 and BCL-XL proteins do? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| peristence of digital webbing |
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Term
| What is contained in the vacuoles of foam cells that gives them their foamy appearance? |
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Definition
phagocytosed lipid
(cholesterol is non-degradable) |
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Term
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Definition
Actively synthesizing plasma cell that becomes engorged with antibodies
-appears as a large, eosinophilic cellular inclusion |
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Term
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Definition
synonymous with alcoholic hyaline
-In alcoholic liver disease accumulations of intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton appear as eosinophilic aggregates, called alcoholic hyalin, within irreversibly injured hepatocytes. |
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Term
| What type of cells are most likely to accumulate lipochrome? |
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Definition
lipochrome = lipofuscin
-yellow/brown granules most likeley to accumulate in atrophic cells & long-lived cells such as cardiac myocytes and CNS neurons |
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Term
| Which is a systemic and potentially lethal overload of iron: Hemochromatosis or Hemosiderosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the distinctive symptom of alkaptonuria? |
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Definition
black urine
- black color due to homogentisic acid, genetic enzyme deficiency |
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Term
| Prepatellar bursitis (housemaid's knee) is an example of what type of pathologic calcification? |
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Definition
Dystrophic
- occurs locally at site of tissue necrosis
- as opposed to a Metastatic (generalized) calcifications |
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Term
| Where do white infarcts occur? |
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Definition
- occur with arterial occlusions or in solid organs (such as heart, spleen, and kidney)
- the solidity of the tissue limits the amount of hemorrhage that can seep into the area of ischemic necrosis from adjoining capillary beds |
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Term
| Where/How do Red Infarcts occur? |
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Definition
by venous occlusion, or in loose tissues with dual blood supply |
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Term
| What factors are involved in the external and internal signalling of apoptosis? |
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Definition
External pathway: binding of ligand to TNF
Internal " ": release of cytochrome c from mitochondria
--> signals activation of caspase cascade |
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Term
True or False:
The exudate that escapes leaky microvessels in acute inflammation is protein-poor. |
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Definition
False
- it is protein-rich
- includes albumin, fibrinogen, and Igs |
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Term
What are the 3 steps required to get leukocytes to the site of injury in acute inflammation ?
What chemical mediators characterize each step? |
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Definition
1) margination: selectins (L,P,E), ICAM, VCAM
2) emigration: PECAM-1
3) chemotaxis: C5a, chemokines, leukotriene B4 |
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Term
What are the 3 sequential steps in phagocytosis of bacteria?
What chemical mediators characterize each step? |
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Definition
1) opsonization: Fc fragment of IgG, C3b, collectins
2) engulfment: pseudopod extensions form phagosome, fuses with lysosome = phagolysosome
3) degranulation: NADPH oxidase, dismutase, MPO, reactive oxygen metabolites |
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Term
| Plasmin is a multifunctional protease and is part of the fibrinolytic system. Name 3 specific functions it performs in this sytem. |
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Definition
1) lyses and solubilizes fibrin clots
2) activates Hageman factor to factor XIIa, which amplifies the inflammatory response
3) converts C3 to C3a |
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Term
True or False:
corticosteroids have anti-inflammatory effects and impair collagen synthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Which complement fragment is responsible for chemotaxis and regulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which complement fragments cause increased vascular permeability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do C3a, C5a, prostacyclin, PGD2, PGE2, and PGF2 all do? |
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Definition
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Term
What macrophage product is an important inducer of apoptosis? |
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Definition
TNF
(tumor necrosis factor) |
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Term
Which is more potent in inducing vasodilation and increased vascular permeability:
PAF or histamine? |
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Definition
PAF (platelet activating factor)
- 100-10,000 times more potent than histamine |
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Term
True or False:
Leukotrienes increase vascular permeability and induce vasoconstriction |
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Definition
True
- ex. LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
- negatively regulated by LXA4 and LXB4 |
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Term
| What are 2 important factors in macrophage activation? |
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Definition
bacterial endotoxin
IFN-g |
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Term
| In what type of host response does IFN-g promote the accumulation of macrophages, their transformation to epithelioid cells, and their further development into giant cells? |
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Definition
granulomatous inflammation
granulomatous diseases include:
TB
syphilis
silicosis |
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Term
| What symptom characterizes pemphigus and pemphigoid? |
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Definition
blisters in the oral mucosa |
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Term
Cellulitis and erysipelas are diffusely spreading types of acute inflammation involving the skin and associated underlying structures.
What areas do they frequently affect? |
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Definition
face and periorbital area |
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Term
| IL-1, Il-6, and TNF cause fever by stimulating the production of what pyrogenic factor in the hypothalamus? |
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Definition
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Term
What is fibroplasia?
It depends upon the prior development of what type of tissue? |
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Definition
fibroplasia or fibrous scarring is the replacement of injured tissues by fibrous connective tissue (mainly collagen produced by fibroblasts)
depends on prior development of granulation tissue |
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Term
What is the hallmark of healing inflammation? |
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Definition
Granulation tissue
- precedes some degree of repair by fibrosis |
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Term
VEGF plays what important role in the formation of granulation tissue? |
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Definition
vascular endothelial growth factor
- promotes formation of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) |
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Term
| When does "nutmeg liver" occur? |
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Definition
occurs with right heart failure
- leads to chronic passive congestion of the liver |
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Term
| Does affected tissue tend to look cyanotic during active hyperemia or passive congestion? |
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Definition
cyanotic = bluish-red
- occurs with passive congestion (impairment of venous outflow)
- tissues tend to look red during active hyperemia (ex. blushing, excercised muscle) |
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Term
| Is vonWillebrand factor (vWF) important in primary or secondary hemostasis? |
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Definition
primary hemostasis
- vWF mediates platelet adhesion
- ADP also active during primary hemostasis in promoting platelet aggregation |
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