Term
|
Definition
| the specific cells of an organ or tissue |
|
|
Term
| desmoplasia is defined as |
|
Definition
| excessive collagenous stroma |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| neoplasm with finger-like or "warty" projections |
|
|
Term
| difference between a sessile and pedunculated polyp |
|
Definition
| sessile has a broad base of attachment to mucosal sufrace while pedunculated is attached by a stalk |
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Term
|
Definition
| mixed is from different tissue types of the same germ layer while a teratoma is composed of cells from more than one germ layer (example is ovarian cystic teratoma) |
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Term
|
Definition
| malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin |
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Term
|
Definition
| malignant tumor of epithelial cell origin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| beningn mass of disorganized but mature specialized cells native to the site of occurence |
|
|
Term
| well-differentiated vs poorly-differentiated |
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Definition
| in a well differentiated tumor, cells have a strong resemblance to normal mature cells of that tissue...in a poorly-differentiated or undifferentiated anaplasia tumor cells appear primitive and unspecialized, so that the tissue of origin is difficult or impossible to determine |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increased number of mitotic figures |
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Term
|
Definition
| diordered growth, frequently found adjacent to foci of cancer and sometimes found prior to malignant transformation |
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Term
|
Definition
| pre-invaseive stage with dysplasia involving the entire thickness of normal tissue |
|
|
Term
| what size is the smallest detectable lesion? |
|
Definition
| 10 to the 9 cells or 1 gram of tissue |
|
|
Term
| growth fraction definition and what does it deteremine |
|
Definition
proportion of tumor cells in the replicative pool
determines the tumor's susceptibility to chemotherapy |
|
|
Term
| average volume-doubling time after detection |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| growth rate is ____ related to level of differentiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
fibrous capsule definition
where is it derived from |
|
Definition
rim of compressed connective tissue separating tumor from normal tissue
derived from the stroma of native tissue |
|
|
Term
| example of malignancy that shows only local invasion |
|
Definition
glioma
basal cell carcinoma of skin |
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Term
|
Definition
| a mucus-secreting carcinoma of the appendix fills the peritoneal cavity with a gelatinous neoplastic mass |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common pathway for initial dissemination of carcinomas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the first node receiving lymph flow from a tumor |
|
|
Term
| what is the most common pathway for spread in sarcomas? what two organs do they usually spread to ? |
|
Definition
hematogenous spread, usually veins
lung and liver |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| drainage of tumor cell debris or tumor antigens can induce reactive changes within the lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
most frequenct cancer in men
mot deadly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
most frequenct cancer in woman
most deadly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what accounts for almost 1/5 of all cancer deaths |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the single most important environmental factor contributing to premature death in the US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common cancers in children under 15 |
|
Definition
| acute leukemia and CNS tumors |
|
|
Term
| familial adenomatous polyposis is a mutation in what? |
|
Definition
| APC tumor suppressor gene, colon carcinoma by age 50 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mutation of p53 gene, individuals inherit one mutant p53 allele
25x greater chance of developing cancer by the age of 50 |
|
|
Term
What is the most common cancer predisposition syndrome?
autosomal _____
inactivation of ____ |
|
Definition
HNPCC
dominant
mistmatch repair gene |
|
|
Term
| familial melanoma have a mutation in what? |
|
Definition
| p16INKa tumor suppressor gene |
|
|
Term
| do most benign neoplasma become cancerous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first cyclin to increase in the cell cyle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phophorylation by ____ will _____ RB |
|
Definition
D-CDK4 complex
release inhibition |
|
|
Term
| E2F allows transcription of ______ which complexes with ____ to promote progression through the _____ phase |
|
Definition
cyclin E
CDK2
S
AAAAANNNNNNDDDD
cyclin A
cdk2
mitotic prophase |
|
|
Term
| p16 competes with _____ to bind to ____ thus preventing _____ of RB and progression to ______ |
|
Definition
| Cyclin D, CDK4, phosphorylation, S phase |
|
|
Term
| p14 ARF prevents ____ degradation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RET is an example of a _____ that is a receptor for ______ factor. It is normally expressed in ______cells such as? |
|
Definition
protooncogene
neurotrophic
neuroendocrine
Parafollicular cells of thyroid, parathyroid cells, cells of the adrenal medulla |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of development of intestinal nerve plexues due to complete loss of RET function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| normally exchanges GDP for GTP in presence of growth factor. This is the activated form that promotes transciption of MAP kinase pathway. GAPs is a gtpase that inactivates RAS by converting GTP to GDP. In a mutatnt RAS protein GAP is able to bind but GTPas activity is not amplified, leading to pathologic activation of mitogenic signalling |
|
|
Term
| ERB B1 and ERB B2 in cancer are examples of...respond to which growth factor? |
|
Definition
growth factor receptor overexpression
epithelial growth factor |
|
|
Term
| c-ABL is located on chromosome _____ and has _____kinase activity. When it is translocated to chromosome ___, it fuses with ____ and becomes constituitively active. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common example of an immediate early response gene that is rapidly induced whn a cell gets the signal to divide? Over-expression of this oncogene is apparent in what type of cancer? |
|
Definition
MYC oncogene
Burkitt lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| Mantel cell lymphoma is caused by an overexpression of _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One of the genes p53 induces transcription of is ____, which is a _____inhibitor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| does p53 regulate the normal cell cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| p53 also aids in DNA repair through the transcription of ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| p53 allows degradation of itself through ____ if the DNA is repaired. If not, then it will aid in the transcription of ____ which is an apoptosis-inducing gene. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| APC functions by downregulating ____, a growth promoting signal. It increaes transcription of.... |
|
Definition
B-catenin
c-MYC, cyclin D, and other genes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oncogene
one of the immediate early response genes and is rapidly induced when a cell gets the signal to divide
burkitt lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| INK4a/ARF locus is a tumor suppressor or protooncogene? |
|
Definition
tumor suppressor
20% of familial melanomas
50% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas and SCC of the esophagus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
encodes a protein ( PATCHED) that is a receptor for hedgehog proteins
mutation results in Gorlin syndrome, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome |
|
|
Term
| BCL-2 normally protects cells from the apoptotic pathway. It can be translocated from chromosome ____ to chromosome ____ to the locus for _____ resulting in overexpression of BCL-2. This is seen in _______. |
|
Definition
18
14
Ig heavy chains
slow-growing lymphomas
(cell survival of cancer that inhibits apoptosis) |
|
|
Term
| what is the hallmark of mismatch repair? |
|
Definition
| microsatellite instability |
|
|
Term
| Hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer is an example of the _____ hypothesis. It is a double mutation an any of the many DNA _____ genes. Patients develop colonic carcinomas that do not arise in ________. |
|
Definition
two-hit
mis-match
adenomatous polyps |
|
|
Term
| xeroderma pigmentosum patients have an increased risk of skin cancer after exposure to _____. This is because of the _____ of ____ residues. Damage is normally repaired by the _______ pathway |
|
Definition
UV light
cross-linking
pyrimidine
nucleotide excision repair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hypersensitive to DNA damaging agents, predisposition to a broad spectrum of tumors |
|
|
Term
| Ataxia-telangiectasia is a mutation of the _____ gene. This gene detects _____ caused by ionizing radiation and oxygen free radicals. Normally, it will phosphorylate ______ leading to cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
breast cancer
ovarian cancers
prostate and colon cancers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
male breast cancer
melanoma and pancreatic tumors |
|
|
Term
| brca-1/2 are only involved in _____% of breast cancers but ______% of familial cases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| limitless replicative potential is done by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two functions neovascularization in tumors? |
|
Definition
1. provides nutrients and oxygen
2. new endothelial cells secrete GFs that stimulate growth of adjacent tumor cells |
|
|
Term
| key concepts of the 2 phases in metastatic cascade |
|
Definition
phase 1
detachment from each other by down-regulation of E cadherin
attachment to matrix components by up regulation of receptors for laminin and fibronectin
degradation of ECM by protelytic enzymes, especially MMps
phase 2
tumor cells aggregate in clumps, platelet-tumor aggregates occur
adhesion to the endothelium by expression of adhesion molecules whose ligands are expressed preferentially on cells of the targe organs |
|
|
Term
| burkitt lymphoma is a result of over expression of _____gene |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| myc gene is located on chromosome _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common translocation of MYC gene in Burkitt's lymphoma |
|
Definition
| 8 to 14 near the Ig heavy chain gene |
|
|
Term
| mantle cell lymphoma is an over expression of ____ by a translocation from chromosome ___ to____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| follicular lymphoma is caused by a translocation of ____ from chromosome ___ to ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what two patterns are detectable by DNA probes in cancer nucleus? |
|
Definition
double minutes
homogenous staining regions |
|
|
Term
| gatekeeper genes vs caretaker genes |
|
Definition
gatekeeper genes regulate the entry of the cell into tumorigenic pathway
caretaker genes affect genomic stability but do not directly control tumor growth (mismatch repair genes) |
|
|
Term
| initiation vs promoters in chemical carcinogenesis |
|
Definition
carcinogenic agent (initiator) causes PERMANENT DNA damage, but not sufficient for tumor formation
Promoters induce tumors in initiated cells, do not affect DNA directly, and are REVERSIBLE |
|
|
Term
| most ultimate and direct carcinogens are ______ |
|
Definition
| electrophiles (electron poor) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| determines the ability of a chemical to induce mutations in salmonella typhimurium |
|
|
Term
| alkylating agents are _____acting but usually not very _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ are some of the most potent carcinogens known. They require ______. and most of the carcinogenic effects occur in the _____ |
|
Definition
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
metabolic activation
liver |
|
|
Term
| What compound is detoxified by conjugation with glucuronc acid in the liver but made back into a carcinogen in the bladder? What enzyme is responsible? Who are at risk? How many times more are they at risk for getting bladder cancer? |
|
Definition
B-naphthylamine
glucuronidase
aniline dye and rubber industries
50x |
|
|
Term
| _______ is produced by aspergillus flavus, found on ______ and increases the risk of ______ |
|
Definition
aflatoxin B1
corn, rice, peanuts
hepatocellular carcinoma |
|
|
Term
| nitrate preservative increase the risk of ____ by reacting with ______ in the stomach |
|
Definition
gastric carcinoma
nitrostable amines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemangiosarcoma of the liver |
|
|
Term
| what cancers are known to be induced by UV rays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What UV ray type is carcinogenic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what three effects does UV rays have on cells |
|
Definition
inhibition of cell division
inactivation of enzymes
induction of mutations |
|
|
Term
| What disorder is a problem with the nucleotide excision repair pathway that leads to an ____x risk of skin cancer in sun exposed skin? |
|
Definition
xeroderma pigmentosa
2000x |
|
|
Term
| _____ and ______ in children are the most common forms of _________ |
|
Definition
leukemia and thyroid carcinomas
radiation-induced cancers |
|
|
Term
| With HPV, _____ and ____ are over expressed because ____is interrupted during integration.This causes cells to _____ and ____. |
|
Definition
e6 and e7
e2
transform and immortalize |
|
|
Term
| EBV belongs to the ____ family of viruses. It is responsible for being a key factor in _____ and _______. It enters the b cells through cd___. Instead of integrating into the chromosome like HPV, it forms an ____ in the cell nucleus and promotes B cell survival and proliferation through _____. |
|
Definition
herpes
african form of burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma
21
episome
LMP-1 |
|
|
Term
| What translocation is present in 80% of EBV infections? |
|
Definition
| MYC 8 to 14 adjacent to heavy chain |
|
|
Term
| Hepatitis B virus is part of the indirect and multifactorial development of ______. HBV encodes ______ protein which causes activation of several growth-promoting genes. |
|
Definition
hepatocellular carcinoma
HBx |
|
|
Term
| HTLV-1 is endemic in ______ and____. It has a ____ latent period. It attacks ____ cells. The unique gene is _____ that is key to malignant transformation. inactivation of ____ and enhanced ____ activation is key as well. |
|
Definition
japan and caribbean
long
CD4+
TAX
p16INK4a
cyclin D |
|
|
Term
| The expansion of polyclonal cell populations and eventual neoplastic monoclonal population activation is characteristic of_____. |
|
Definition
| HTLV-1 (oncogenic RNA virus) |
|
|
Term
| 90% of chronic gastritis patients have an infection with _____. 20-30% of these patients will develop a ______. Lymphomas called _____ may arise but can be prevent by antibiotics. |
|
Definition
H pylori
gastric ulcer
MALTS |
|
|
Term
| what is the main cytokine involved in cancer cachexia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ syndrome is the most common paraneoplastic endocrinopathy. Patients also have elevated levels of _____ |
|
Definition
cushings (excessive amounts of corticotropin)
POMC |
|
|
Term
| _____ is the most common paraneoplastic syndrome |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| verrucous hyperkeratosis on the skin |
|
|
Term
| hypertrophic osteoarthropathy is seen in 1-10% of patients with this type of cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
grade is the degree of differentiation and number of mitoses, an indicator of tumor aggressiveness
stage is the extent of cancer spread in a patient |
|
|
Term
staging of cancer meaning:
T
N
M |
|
Definition
t is size
n is lymph node involvement
M is blood-borne metastatic disease |
|
|
Term
prognosis for breast cancer with estrogen/progesterone receptors?
her2/neu over expression? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cea or carcinoembyonic antigen |
|
Definition
cancer marker
can be used to indicate probably residual dz
lacks both specificity and sensitivity |
|
|
Term
| afp or alpha fetoprotein is used in ___ and ___ if extremely elevated. It is sensitive indication of recurrence in _____ |
|
Definition
hepatocellular carcinoma and germ cell tumors of the testis
tumors of the testis |
|
|
