Term
|
Definition
| the mechanism of disease development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change to a different type of cell |
|
|
Term
| Most common type of Cell Death |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Necrosis |
|
Definition
Cell Swelling/rupture
degeneration and coagulation of proteins
breakdown of organelles |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of apoptosis |
|
Definition
cell shrinkage
chromatin condensation and fragmentation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most common type of metaplasia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
squamous epithelium replaces specialized columnar epithelium
allows for hardier lining but disadvantage is an increase in mucous secretion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
squamous to columnar metaplasia
caused by gastric reflux
increased risk of adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
| First finding in almost all forms of cell injury |
|
Definition
cellular swelling
"hydropic change" or "vacuolar degeneration" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| distortion of lipid membrane seen in reversible cell injury |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| denaturation of intracellular proteins and enzymatic digestion of cells with irreversible injury (both autolysis and digestive enzymes of inflammatory cells) |
|
|
Term
| microscopic visible changes of necrotic cells |
|
Definition
-increased eosinophilia
-glassy homogenous appearance due to loss of glycogen particles
-myelin figures
-vacuolated cytoplasm
-calcification possible |
|
|
Term
| Nuclear Degeneration seen in Necrosis |
|
Definition
| pyknosis-->karryohexis-->karyolysis |
|
|
Term
| When do you see liquefactive necrosis? |
|
Definition
| In the brain due to hypoxic death, certain bacterial or fungal infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amorphous granular debris with granulomatous inflammation...looks like cheese, typical of TB infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complexes of antigens and antibodies
see in some immune reactions involving blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Mitochondrial permeability transition pore |
|
Definition
non-selective pore in the inner membrane of mitochondria
composed of cyclophilin D
allows leakage of apoptosis-inciting enzymes (e.g. cytochrome C) |
|
|
Term
| What damage can Iron and Copper do? |
|
Definition
| can donate or accept free electrons and catalyze free radical formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an important indicator of a cell's ability to detoxify itself of reactive oxygen species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| converts superoxide to hydrogen peroxide |
|
|
Term
| Where do ROS attack membranes? |
|
Definition
| attack the double bonds (of unsaturated fatty acids) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of ischemia? |
|
Definition
| Obstruction in the arterial system |
|
|
Term
| Which is worse, ischemia or hypoxia? |
|
Definition
| Ischemia, because tissue is injured more quickly than from hypoxia alone. (substrates for glycolysis cut-off and metabolite accumulation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the basis for reperfusion injury? |
|
Definition
| ROS generated, inflammation leads to complement activation |
|
|
Term
| Direct cytotoxic effect of Mercury |
|
Definition
| mercury binds to the sulfhydryl groups of the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What if there is a DNA damage due to a minor insult? to a sustained or severe insult? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the plasma membrane of apoptotic cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to the DNA of an apoptotic cell? |
|
Definition
| DNA aggregates peripherally under the nuclear membrane (most characteristic feature, NOT pykonosis, karyohexis, kayolysis as in necrosis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "eat me" signal of an apoptotic cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cytochrome c bind to in the cytosol? |
|
Definition
| Apaf-1 (mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis) |
|
|
Term
| Which caspase is utilized in mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two best known death receptors? |
|
Definition
| type 1 TNF and Fas receptor |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of fas receptor? |
|
Definition
1. bind fas ligand
2. creating a binding site for FADD
3. Pro-caspase-8 converts to caspase-8
4. Amplification of caspase-8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| binds to pro-caspase-8 to prevent cell death |
|
|
Term
| Apoptosis after growth factor deprivation is always triggered by... |
|
Definition
| intrinsic (mitochondrial) pathway |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tumor suppressor gene, induces apoptosis if cell is unable to be repaired |
|
|
Term
| What would a mutation of Fas or Fas ligand do? |
|
Definition
| One major clinical result is autoimmune disease |
|
|
Term
| Does TNF promote or inhibit apoptosis? |
|
Definition
| Both. (it can activate nuclear factor kB (NF-kB)) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located on cytotoxic T cells, forms a pore through the membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteases from CTLs that cleave protein and activate cellular caspases |
|
|
Term
| Why would a cell perform autophagy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stains are used to see fat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does accumulation of cholestorol in the arteries cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| benign tumor in the subepithelial connective tissue of skin and tendons made of CLUSTERS OF FOAMY MACROPHAGES filled with cholesterol |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cholesterol-laden macrophages in the lamina propria of the gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| Niemann-Pick disease, type C |
|
Definition
| lysosomal storage disorder that causes cholesterol accumulation in multiple organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are eosinophilic, large, homogenous immunoglobulin-containing inclusions usually found in a plasma cell undergoing excessive synthesis of immunoglobulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| keratin containing inclusions often found in the liver do to alcohol abuse |
|
|
Term
| What would excessive glycogen appear like in a cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made of polymers of lipid and phopholipid complexed with proteins, sign of free radical injury and lipid peroxidation...AGING PIGMENT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in alkaptonuria patients, black pigment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| black pigment deposition in skin, connective tissue, and cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| major storage form of iron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What accounts for the colors of a bruise? |
|
Definition
Red-blue: hemoglobin
Green-blue: biliverdin
Golden yellow: hemosiderin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end product of degraded heme, basis for jaundice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs locally in dying tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| deposition in normal, healthy tissue (renal failure e.g b/c of secondary hyperparathyroidism do to phophate retention) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare disease characterized by symptoms of premature aging, DNA helicase problem (allows rapid accumulation of chromosomal damage) |
|
|
