Term
| What key tool was required before the field of microbiology could be formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 micrometer is equal to how many meters? |
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Definition
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Term
| 1 nanometer is equal to how many meters? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are small measurements common in microbiology? |
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Definition
| Microorganisms are very small. |
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Term
| What measurement system do we use in microbiology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of microscope was used by Leewenhoek, who first saw bacteria? How much could it magnify? |
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Definition
| simple, the one made by Leewenhoek could magnify 300x |
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Term
| In a _____ the image from the objective lense is magnified again by the ocular lens. |
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Definition
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Term
| Total magnification = _____ x _____ |
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Definition
| objective lense magnification, ocular lense magnification |
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Term
| In a compound microscope, the quality is _____ (good/poor) and bacteria _____(could/could not) be seen. |
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Definition
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Term
| Light microscopy is the _____. |
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Definition
| use of any kind of microscope that uses visible light to observe specimens |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of the lense to distinguish between 2 points a specified distance apart |
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Term
| A microscope with a resolving power of 0.4 nm cn distinguish between two oints _____ (more than or equal to/less than or equal to) 0.4 nm. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ (Longer/shorter) wavelengths of light provide greater resolution. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most magnification possible and what limits that? |
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Definition
| .2 micrometers, relatively long wave length of white light |
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Term
| What is a refractive index? |
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Definition
| A measure of the light bending ability of a medium |
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Term
| _____ has the same refractive index as glass. If not used, the image is _____ with _____ resolution. |
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Definition
| Immersion oil, fuzzy, poor |
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Term
| _____ is used to keep light from bending so much that it misses the small high-magnification lens. |
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Definition
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Term
| In brightfield illumination, _____ objects are visible against a _____ background. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the problem with brightfield illumination? |
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Definition
| It's not always desirable to stain a specimen. |
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Term
| In brightfield illumination, stained cells with light from the compound light microscope shows _____ and the outline of the transparent _____ (external covering). |
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Definition
| internal structures, pellicle |
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Term
| In darkfield illumination, _____ objects are visible against a _____ background. |
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Definition
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Term
| To examine objects that are invisible in ordinary light microscopes, can't be stained by standard methods, and are too distorted in staining, one would use _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ permits detailed examination of internal structures in living organisms without having to stain/kill the specimens. |
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Definition
| Phase-contrast Microscopy |
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Term
| The ability of a substance to absorb short wavelengths of light (UV) and give off light at a longer wavelength (visible) is termed _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ (stains)have special attractions for different microorganisms and are good for detection. |
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Definition
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Term
| The natural defense molecules produced by humans and many animals in reaction to a foreign substance or ______, are called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| How are antibodies obtained? |
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Definition
| by injecting an animal with a specific antigen so the animal produces more of that antibody against that antigen. |
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Term
| In immunoflourescence, _____. |
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Definition
| Antibodies are combined with flourochrome and placed on a slide with unknown bacterium. If the specimen is the same as what was injected into the animal, it will flouresce. |
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Term
| In electron microscopy, _____ are used instead of light. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it that electron microscopy can magnify up to 100,000x and light microscopy can magnify to only 1000x? |
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Definition
| shorter wavelength of electrons |
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Term
| In transmission electron microscopy, a _____ is used. |
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Definition
| finely focused beam of electrons |
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Term
| In _____, contrast is weak but enhanced by stain. |
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Definition
| transmission electron microscopy |
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Term
| In transmission electron microscopy, _____ can be seen. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is useful in studying the surface structures of intact cells and viruses. |
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Definition
| Scanning electron microscopy |
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Term
| In transmission electron microscopy, the magnification is from _____ to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| In _____, an electron gun produces a beam of electrons that scans the surface of the whole specimen. |
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Definition
| scanning electron microscopy |
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Term
| The magnification available in scanning electron microscopy is _____ to _____. The resolution is _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A thin film of solution of microbes on a slide is a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ is usually fixed to attach the microbes to the slide and to kill the microbes. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stains consist of a _____ and _____ ion. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a basic dye, a _____ ion is present. |
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Definition
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Term
| In an acidid dye, a _____ ion is present. |
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Definition
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Term
| Staining the background instead of the cell is called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Use of a single basic dye is called a _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the charge on the outside of most bacterial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| A _____ may be used to hold the stain or coat the specimen to enlarge it. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Gram stain classifies bacteria into _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| gram positive, gram negative |
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Term
| _____ bacteria tend to be killed by penicillin and detergents. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ bacteria are more resistant to antibiotics. |
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Definition
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Term
| Stains such as safranin that have contrasting color to the primary stain are called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ bacteria tend to hae a thicker peptidoglycan cell wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ contain a layer of lipopolysaccharide as part of their cell wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| When treated with a primary stain, _____, the gram positive cells appear _____ and the gram negative cells appear _____. |
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Definition
| crystal violet, purple, purple |
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Term
| When treated with the primary stain, then the mordant, _____, gram positive cells appear _____ and gram negative cells appear _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| When treated with the primary stain, then the mordant, then the decolorizing agent, _____, gram positive cells appear _____ and gram negative cells appear _____. |
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Definition
| alcohol-acetone, purple, decolored |
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Term
| When treated with the primary stain, then the mordant, then the decolorizing agent, then the counterstain, _____, gram positive cells appear _____ and gram negative cells appear _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What steps do you use to create a smear? |
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Definition
1. Spread culture in thin film over slide
2. Dry in air
3. Pass slide through flame to fix
4. Flood slide with stain, rinse, and dry.
5. Place drop of oil on slide and examine with 100x objective. |
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Term
| When staining to differentiate between gram positive and gram negative, what steps do you take? |
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Definition
1. Flood the heat-fixed smear with crystal violet for 1 minute.
2. Add iodine solution for 3 minutes.
3. Decolorize with alcohol briefly (about 20 seconds).
4. Counterstain with safranin for 1-2 minutes. |
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Term
| Cells that retain a basic stain in the presence of acid-alcohol are called _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ cells lose the basic stain when rinsed with acid-alcohol, and are usually counterstained to see them. |
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Definition
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Term
| An acid-fast stain is an important differential stain that binds strongly only to bacteria that have a _____ material in their cell wall. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ staining is useful for capsules. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ is required to drive a stain into endospores. |
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Definition
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Term
| Flagella staining requires a _____ to make the flagella wide enough to see. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Special resistant, dormant structures formed form adverse environmental conditions are called _____. |
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Definition
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