Term
| When was "hormone" coined? |
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Definition
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Term
| When was "Endocrinology" coined? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was A.A. Berthold's 1849 experiment? |
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Definition
| Removed testes from roosters. Resulted in underdeveloped comb/wattle and lack of interest in females/crowing |
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Term
| What was Brown Sequard's (1889) experiment? |
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Definition
| 72 years old, aqueous extract of dogs testes resulting in increased "vigor". much acclaim, but little active substance |
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Term
| What was Bayliss & Starling's (1902) experiment? |
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Definition
| Tied off part of jejunum leaving blood flow but cut off neural connections, proved that pancreas secretions based on hormones in blood called secretin not from neurological activity |
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Term
| What are the major human endocrine glands described and characterized in (1930)? |
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Definition
| Hypothalmus, pituitary, parathyroids, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas, ovaries/testes |
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Term
| What hormones did Reichstein describe and purify in the 1930s-1940s? |
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Definition
| Adrenal steroids, he won the 1950 Nobel prize |
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Term
| In 1953 DuVigneaud purified what hormone? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin; won 1955 Nobel prize |
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Term
| According to Earl Sutherland in 1950s-1960s what happens when hormones interact with target cells? |
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Definition
| Increase in cAMP in cell, the hormone is the 1st messenger, cAMP is the 2nd messenger, mechanism of hormone action |
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Term
| Cell to cell communications happen according to two different messengers. what are they? |
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Definition
| endocrine system and nervous system |
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Term
| What is an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
| A group of secretory cells that release their products into the extracellular space, from where the products enter the circulatory space, they are ductless, chemical messenger hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical messenger that is released by cells and carried by the circulatory system to target cells where it produces a specific effect |
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Term
| What kind of messengers do neurons release? |
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Definition
| neruotransmitters, released from axon terminals into the synaptic cleft, act on adjacent cells |
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Term
| What did Berta and Ernst Scharer do? |
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Definition
| Described neurons that release chemical messengers into extracellular space, carried by circulatory system to target |
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Term
| What did Berta and Ernst Scharer term? |
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Definition
| neurosecretory cells called neurohormones |
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Term
| What are local regulators/local hormones? |
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Definition
| Act on the cell that release them or adjacent cell |
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Term
| There are two types of local regulators/hormones. What are they and what do they do? |
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Definition
| autocrines act on themselves, paracrines act on adjacent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messengers that are released outside of the boy and used to transmit information b/t individuals |
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Term
| What are pheromones used for? |
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Definition
| Used as sexual attractants, alarm substance, food markers |
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Term
| What pheromone is released by female silk moths Bombyx? |
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Definition
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Term
| Generally describe steroid hormones. |
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Definition
| Poor solubility in water, non polar solvents (good), secreted by glands derived from mesoderm, common structural backbone (three 6C rings, one 5C ring), Cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene; ex: testosterone, estradiol, cortisol |
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Term
| What are peptide hormones? Describe them generally. |
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Definition
| Protein hormones, soluble in water, secreted by glands derived from ecto/endoderm. ex: insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin, secretin |
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Term
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Definition
| Derived from Tyr, solubility is variable, secreted by glands derived from endo/ectoderm, ex. thyroid hormones, epinephrine |
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Term
| What are the two main functions of the testes? |
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Definition
| Production of sperm and production of testosterone |
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Term
| Describe the structure of the testis. |
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Definition
| compartments of testis filled with seminifenus tubules; tubules converge and dump into epididymus which is continuous with the vas derens. |
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Term
| Where does sperm production take place specifically? |
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Definition
| Inside the tubes of the testis. |
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Term
| Developing sperm are associated with what cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They are the main site of testicular testosterone synthesis, ultra structures=abundant SER + mitochondria; lipid droplets |
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Term
| Are sertoli cells a source of testosterone production? |
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Definition
| Likely for local use inside tubules but do not contribute significantly to circulating pool of testosterone |
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Term
| What are the two types of names for steroids? |
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Definition
| common names and systematic (determined by IUPAC) |
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Term
| What are the rules of nomenclature? |
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Definition
| system of numbering C atoms, parent ring structure for each subclass of steroid hormones, same as orgo |
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Term
| What is the systematic name of testosterone? |
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Definition
| 17 (Beta)-hydroxy-androst-4ene-3one |
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Term
| What is a biosynthesis precursor to testosterone? |
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Definition
| cholesterol; dietary cholesterol and synthesis from acetate |
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Term
| How many steps are there in testosterone synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does cholesterol turn into in the synthesis of testosterone? |
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Definition
| pregnenolone, catalyzed by cholesterol desmolase |
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Term
| Pregnenolone exists in mitochondria, where do subsequent steps (in testosterone production) take place? |
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Definition
| SER; smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| In testosterone production, pregenenolone to what? |
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Definition
| 17-OH-pregnenolone, hydroxylation at C-17 to 12 alpha-hydroxy-pregnenolone, catalyzed by 17 alpha hydroxylase |
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Term
| In testosterone production, 17-OH-pregnenolone to what? |
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Definition
| DHEA; dehydroepiandrosterone |
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Term
| In testosterone production, DHEA to what? |
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Definition
| Androstenedial/androstenedione |
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Term
| In testosterone production, androstenedial to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is testosterone always the most active hormone in tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since testosterone is not the most active hormone in some tissues, what happens? |
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Definition
| Test. is reduced to dihydrotestosterone (DHT), catalyzed to 5 alpha-reductase, has greater affinity for androgen receptor (AR), occurs in skin, prostate, external genitalia not in skeletal muscle |
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Term
| Where does the catabolism of testosterone take place mainly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are many of the catabolites of testosterone in the liver? |
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Definition
| 17-ketosteroids; C-17 hydroxlC-17 keto, C-3 keto C-3 hydroxyl |
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Term
| What do 17-ketosteroids conjugate extracted in virus? |
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Definition
| conjugate sulfate or glucuronic acid |
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Term
| What is required for normal structure and function of male accessory reproductive tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary male reproductive tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the male accessory reproductive tissue? |
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Definition
| epididymis, vas deferens, urethra |
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Term
| What glands secrete semen? |
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Definition
| seminal vesical, prostate, bulbourethral gland |
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Term
| Castration causes the removal of what hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens after castration? |
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Definition
| Loss of weight and size of accessory tissue due to self-shrinkage, decrease in cytoplasmic and nuclear volume, decrease in muscle mass, loss of organelles, loss of function (low semen volume) |
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Term
| What effects do androgens have on male secondary sex characteristics? |
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Definition
| external distinguishing features b/t male/female, male 2ndary sex characteristics androgen dependent |
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Term
| Male mosquito fish form what? What does it function as? |
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Definition
| elongated anal fin that functions as gonopodium. |
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Term
| What happens if female mosquito fish are injected with testosterone? |
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Definition
| they form an elongated anal fin |
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Term
| What do male frogs form that are androgen dependent? |
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Definition
| nuptial pads; used to grasp females during amplexus |
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Term
| Give some examples of male secondary sex characteristics in mammals. |
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Definition
| mane of lion, antlers of deer, human facial hair |
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Term
| What affects do androgens have on metabolism? |
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Definition
| They promote protein anabolism, potentially exponential in skeletal muscles (size), stem cells increase # of fibers, no 5 alpha reductase activity |
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Term
| What are synthetic anabolism steroids? what are they used for? |
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Definition
| Retain protein synthesis but lack androgenic activity. Recovery from serious injury, growth in premie babies, used to promote muscle growth by athletes (10-40x more than therapy use) |
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Term
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Definition
| A synthetic anabolic steroid |
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Term
| Compare the # of androgen receptors in skeletal muscle vs those in the prostate. |
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Definition
| 1/20 the number in skeletal compared to prostate |
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Term
| What causes there to be a low number of androgen receptors in skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| 1) androgen receptors localized to satellite cells, 2) test may compete w/ cortisol for the glucocorticoid recpetor, cortisol promotes protein catabolism |
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Term
| Describe male canary reproductive behavior. |
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Definition
| male canaries sing in the spring, castrated = no singing, castrated + test.= singing |
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Term
| Describe the reproductive behavior of hamsters. |
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Definition
Male and receptive female
-investigation
-anogenital investigation
-mounting and intromission
-ejaculation |
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Term
| What happens in legally castrated males (Norway)? |
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Definition
| gradual loss of potency and libido |
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Term
| At what age (in human males) does testosterone levels start to decrease? How much per year? |
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Definition
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Term
| Between the ages of 40-70 what happens to human males? |
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Definition
| Lose 12-20lbs of muscle, loss of 15% bone mass, lose 2 inches in height, loss of erection |
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Term
| What regulates testosterone synthesis? |
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Definition
| luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
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Term
| When combining LH and FSH what happens vs each individually? |
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Definition
| FSH= no stimulation, LH=3x and FSH + LH = 5x. The synergism of the joint chemical messengers results in a greater effect than the sum of their individual effects |
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Term
| What does FSH do in relation to LH? |
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Definition
| Increases the number of LH receptors |
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Term
| Does testosterone exert a positive or negative feedback on secretions of FSH and LH at the pituitary and hypothalmus level? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is required for the initiation of spermatogenesis? |
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Definition
| FSH + Testosterone; likely that both are required for maintenance |
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Term
| How is testosterone transported in blood? |
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Definition
| Transported bound to plasma proteins |
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Term
| How much testosterone is free? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much testosterone is bound to albumin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Testosterone binding globulin (protein) has a ____ time greater affinity for T than albumin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the roles of ovaries? |
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Definition
| production of ova, production of steroid hormones: progesterone and estradiol |
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Term
| Where are the ovaries located? |
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Definition
| In the abdominal cavity, separated by ligaments adjacent to oviducts |
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Term
| The cortex of the ovaries contain what? what is the medulla of the ovaries composed of? |
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Definition
| Cortex (outer region) contains developing follicles, medulla composed of connective tissue |
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Term
| What is oogenesis (in human females)? Is it continuous? start and stop? |
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Definition
| it is the production of an ovum that procedds to prophase of meiosis I during development then arrested. Resumes at sexual maturity |
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Term
| Describe the ovarium follicle cycle |
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Definition
| Primary oocytes become surrounded by granulosa cells, primordial follicle; human ovaries with 7 million primordial follicles |
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Term
| During each ovarian cycle after puberty what happens to a group (6-12) of primary follicles? |
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Definition
| They develop into secondary follicles. stimulated by FSH, proliferation of granulosa cells, Thecal cells (from stoma) become associated w/ granulosa cells, 1st mitotic division complete |
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Term
| What is ovulation stimulated by? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is complete when the ovum is penetrated by sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the structure of estradiol? |
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Definition
| C-18 subfamily; 1,3,5-estratriene-3,17-diol |
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Term
| what is the structure of progesterone? |
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Definition
| C-21 subfamily; pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione |
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Term
| Describe the synthesis of estradiol. |
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Definition
| Cholesterol to DHEA as in Leydig cells, cholesterol to pregenolone, occurs in mito, catalyst by p450 side chain cleavage, pregnenolone exits mitochondria, subsequent steps in SER, 17 alpha hyroxylase catalyzes 18 alpha hyrdroxylation. Androstenedione =>estroe=>estradiol, all in follicular phase |
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