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General Development-Infant
General developmental information for nursing students
65
Medical
Undergraduate 3
03/03/2008

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Cards

Term
Denver developmental screening
Definition
Standardized test that screens for develpmental problems in children from birth to 6 years of age.  The original test was revised in 1990 and is known as the Denver II
Term

What are the 3 purposes of the Denver II?

 

Definition

-Screening healthy infants for developmental problems

 

- Validating intuitive concerns about an infant's development with an objective test

 

- Monitoring high-risk children for developmental problems

Term
Who may administer the Denver Developmental Screening?
Definition
-Only nurses or personnel trained specifically in its procedures and interpretation should administer the test.
Term
Is the DDST capable of measuring intelligence
Definition
No, it is a screening test of the child's developmental level.
Term
What are the ideal ages of administration of the DDST?
Definition
3-4 months of age, 10 months of age, & 3 years of age.
Term

Define: Growth index

Definition
Height and weight measurements plotted on a standard growth chart to assess for normal progression.
Term
What does the growth index measure and what is it a valid indicator of?
Definition

It measures physical growth, which is a valid indicator of health status.

Term

What agency published growth grids that are standardized for female and male infants from birth to 36 months?

Definition
National Center for Health Statistics
Term
Who is more vulnerable to stress at birth, boys or girls?
Definition
Girls are smaller, but more mature at birth and less vulnerable to stress.
Term
If a new parent asks you why his newborn daughter seems less active than his son when he was born, a good response might be:
Definition
"Boys tend to show more motor activity while girls respond more to tactile stimulation and pain."
Term
Compare/contrast the development of language and non-verbal communication among boys and girls
Definition
Girls develop language earlier and respond to speech better, whereas boys use their bodies to communicate
Term
Compare/contrast boys and girls in relation to social responsiveness
Definition
Girls are more socially responsive than boys and sit up, walk, and crawl earlier than boys
Term
What is the Health perception-health management patter?
Definition
The person's perception of health and how they manage health.
Term
What is the best way for the nurse to improve an infant's health?
Definition
By encouraging child-rearing practices that promote normal growth and development, encourage healthful attitudes, and teach appropriate use of heatlh services.
Term
What amount of water is reccommended daily for an infant?
Definition
125-150ml/kg/day, from milk and food
Term
What is the reccommended intake of protein for an infant per day?
Definition
2.2g/kg/day
Term
What percentage of an infant's calories should be from fat?
Definition
30-54% should be from fat, present in all formula and human milk.
Term
Why are infants not in need of supplements for vitamin and minerals?
Definition
Because vitamins and minerals are adequate in human milk and in all formulas (except iron and flouride).
Term
What are seven advantages to breastfeeding?
Definition

1. Nutritionally superior

2. Bacteriologically safe and always fresh

3. Least allergic of all infant foods

4. Contains antiinfective antibodies and immune cells.

5. Promotes good jaw and tooth development

6. cost and convenience

7. Promotes close mother

 

Term
What age range is best for introducing solid foods?
Definition
After the 1st 4-6 months
Term
When should iron fortified cereals and other cereals be introduced?
Definition

4-5 months

Term
When should veggies and fruits/juices be introduced?
Definition
5-7 months of age
Term
When might you introduce protein foods to an infant's diet?
Definition
6-9 months
Term

At what age are infants less likely to have allergies to whole eggs and whole milk?

Definition
10-12 months
Term
Name to groundrules for introducing new foods.
Definition
Do not mix solid foods together and introduce foods several days apart.
Term
Describe the bottlefed infants normal stool and elimination pattern
Definition

Orange-yellow color, soft, clean smelling, may accompany each feeding (2-4 stools/day) rarely become constipated.

Term
Describe the bottle-fed infant's normal stool and elimination pattern
Definition
Harder, smellier, and resembles those of an infant eating solid foods.
Term
What is one reason why infants do not have control of their bladder until 14-18 months?
Definition
Myelinization of the spinal cord is not yet complete.
Term
How many times a day does a well-hydrated infant void?
Definition
6-12 times/day
Term

As a nurse, when might you encourage parents to provide a safe environment for the infant to explore and why?

Definition
In the second half of the first year, because infants become mobile during this time.
Term

What percentage of the day do most infants sleep at 1st and why?

 

When does it change?

Definition

Up to 80%, because it is needed for rapid growth.  At 12 months, infant sleeps for 12 of 24 hours.

Term
What are some ways to avoid SIDS?
Definition

-Sleep in supine position

 

-Avoid placing infants to sleep on soft bedding

 

-Avoid overheating with blankets or high room temp

 

-Stop maternal smoking within infant's environment

Term
Describe an infant's vision at birth
Definition
Well developed at birth with weak coordination of eye muscles.  They can visualize at 12 inches.  Bright colors, light and faces are appealing.
Term
When might and infant begin to fix their gaze on an object 12 to 24 inches away, focus on bright colors, and follow objects in the field of vision?
Definition
Between 1 and 3 months.
Term
Describe visual developments that occur b/w 6 and 9 months. 
Definition

-Visual scanning becomes more integrated.

 

-Capable of organized depth perception.

 

-Begins to percieve distances accurately

 

-Both eyes should focus equally now

 

Term

At what age are infants able to:

-Look for concealed items

 

-Converge on objects in close proximity

 

-Judge distances well?

Definition
These visual developments occur between 9 and 12 months
Term
What major visual developments occur between 12 and 18 months?
Definition

The following develop during this time: 

 

-Eye-hand coordination develops

 

-Depth perception is more refined

 

-Ability to identify forms and shapes

Term
When does the infant begin to be startled by loud noises?
Definition
This develops between 1 and 3 months
Term
When does the infant begin stopping activity when spoken to?
Definition
1 to 3 months
Term
At what time can the infant begin to imitate simple words and sound?
Definition
Infant can perform this at 9-12 months (hearing)
Term
At what time does the in
Definition
Term
At what time might the infant begin to respond to their name?
Definition
6-9 months (hearing)
Term
Most sounds are vowels at what age?
Definition
2 months (language)
Term
At what age might the infant begin cooing at the sound of the adult voice?
Definition
Begins at 2-3 months (language)
Term
At what age might the infant begin to make babbling sounds?
Definition
Begins around 6 months (language)
Term
At what age might the infant begin using 2 syllable words?
Definition
Begins around 9-10 months (language)
Term

At what age might an infant begin using words with meaning?

Definition
12 months (language)
Term
What is at the center of the nurse's role in an infant's development of language?
Definition

Focuses on stimulation of the senses and language development

Term
Define: Attachment
Definition
The establishment of an emotional bond between the mother and her infant
Term
Behaviors such as how the mother holds, feeds and looks at the infant dictate which process?
Definition
Dictates the process of Attachment
Term
What type of behavior can parenting be classified as?
Definition
Parenting is a learned behavior, not an instinctive one.
Term
What age group is the most frequent victim of child abuse?
Definition
Children under 3 years old are the most frequent victims of child abuse, with women being the most frequent abusers.
Term
Compare and contrast the child abuse patterns of men and women
Definition
Women abuse more frequently.  However, men abuse more severely and are more frequent sexual abusers.
Term
Define and list: Active manifestations of child abuse
Definition

Active manifestations are injuries which can be detected by touch, sight or examination such as: brain injury, soft tissue injury and fractures.

Term
Define and list: Passive manifestations of child abuse
Definition
Passive manifestations are those that present themselves through extended periods of abuse an/or neglect and may be more difficult to detect or link to abuse, such as: poor nutrition, poor physical condition, emotional neglect, or moral neglect.
Term
Define: failure to thrive
Definition
Refers to infants who fail to gain weight resulting from the failure to obtain or use necessary calories.
Term
What are the characteristics of failure to thrive?
Definition

-Failure to gain weight (below 5th percentile)

-Growth failure

-Poor muscle tone, lethargy

-Inability to cuddle

-Intense interest in inanimate objects

-Delayed or absent speech pattern

Term

What is active immunization?

 

Give some examples.

Definition

When immune bodies are actively formed against specific pathogens either naturally (by having the disease) or artificially (introducing the antigen into the individual)

 

Some examples are: DTaP, IPV and MMR

 

Gives lifelong immunity.

Term

What is passive immunity? 

 

Give examples

Definition

Passive immunity is temporary immunity which only lasts 1 to 6 weeks.

Breastmilk transfers some immunity from mother to fetus.

Mother can also pass immunity through the placenta.

Term
When is the 1st Hep B vaccine given?
Definition

Given at birth (vaccine)

Term

When is the 2nd Hep 

B vaccine given?

Definition

Given at 1 month (vaccine)

Term
What vaccine series is given at 2, 4 and 6 months of age?
Definition
DTaP, Hib-1, IPV-1, PCV-1 is given at this time, then second series 2 months later, then third series at 6 months including HBV-3 and influenza.
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