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General Chemistry Ch. 9 - Solutions
MCAT
8
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
03/31/2016

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Term
Solubility rules for aqueous solutions
Definition

1. All salts containing ammonium and alkali metal (group 1) cations are water-soluble

 

2. All nitrate salts (NO3-) and acetate anions are water-soluble

 

Other rules need familiarity but only memorize these two

Term
mole fraction
Definition
moles of substance of interest divided by the total moles of all species
Term
molality
Definition
moles of solute divided by kilograms of solvent
Term
Equation for determining solubility product constant
Definition

Ksp = [An+]m[Bm-]n

A and B are the concentrations of the ions in solution

Term
What is the common ion effect?
Definition
This is observed when the molar solubility of a compound is reduced because one of its constituent ions is already dissolved into the solution at some concentration
Term
Raoult's law
Definition

Accounts for vapor pressure depression caused by solutes in solution. As solute is added to a solvent, the vapor pressure of the solvent decreases. 

 

PA = XAPoA

X is the mol fraction of solvent A

Po is the vapor pressure of solvent A in its pure state

P is the new vapor pressure with solute dissolved in it

Term
What is the equation for determining if a solute is saturated or unsaturated?
Definition

IP = [An+]m[Bm-]n

 

IP is the ion product.

IP > Ksp supersaturation → precipitation

IP < Ksp unsaturated → nothing

IP = Ksp saturated → solution at equilibrium

Term
Osmotic pressure equation
Definition

Π = iMRT

Π is the osmotic pressure

i is the van't Hoff factor

M is molarity of the solution

R is the ideal gas consant

T is temperature

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