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1) cells are basic units of organization in all organisms
2) all cells come from other cells
3) all cells evolved from common ancestor |
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| ability of cells to maintain appropriate internal environment (pH, salt concentration, temp, etc.) |
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Plasma Membrane
(Cell Membrane) |
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| structurally distinctive surface surrounding all cells |
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| Ratio of size viewed with microscope to actual size |
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| internal structures specialized to carry out metabolic activities |
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distance between 2 entities while retaiing ability to determine separate objects
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| Transmission Electron Microscope |
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| sliced part to be viewed with electron beam |
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| Scanning Electron Microscope |
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| electron beam scans to produce image? |
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| technique used to purify different parts of cells with use of centrifugal force |
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| area or prokaryotic cell where DNA is located |
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| long fibers projecting from cell surface, often used for locomotion |
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| Part of cell outside of nucleus |
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| Part of cell within nucleus |
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| Fluid component of cytoplasm (in which organelles are suspended) |
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| Control center of cell, often with fixed position at cell center |
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| two concentric membrances that separate nucleus from cytoplasm |
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| regulate passage between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm |
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| fibrous network of protein filaments that forms the inner lining of nuclear envelope |
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| compact structures within nucleus |
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| RNA + proteins synthesized by nucleolus and positioned in cytoplasm or attached to organelle membranes |
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| internal space enclosed by ER |
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| tubular appearance without presence of ribosomes |
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| ER membrane with ribosomes |
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| Buds off ER that transport proteins to other parts of cell |
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| enzymes in ER lumen that catalyze protein folding |
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| Golgi complex (body, apparatus) |
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| stacks of flattened membrane sacs that processes, sorts, and modifies proteins |
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| the flattened membranous sacs withing the Golgi body |
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| smalls sacs of digestive enzymes within the cytoplasm of most animal cells |
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large, fluid filled sacs that stores food, water, etc. in mostly plant and fungal cells
(some protist, animal, etc.) |
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Vacuoles fuzed with lysosomes to help digest food
(some protists) |
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Vacuoles that remove excess water from the cell
(some protists) |
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membrane-enclosed organelles containing enzymes that metabolize small organic compounds
(ex. glyoxysomes convert stored fats to sugar in plant seeds) |
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| complex organelle in almost all eukaryotic cells that make ATP through cellular respiration and have high energy requirements due to their high activity |
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| oxygen-requiring process including reactions that convert chemical energy to ATP |
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| compartment formed between the outer and inner mitochondrial membranes |
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| Compartment enclosed by inner mitochondrial membrane |
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| Outer Mitochondrial Membrane |
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| smooth membrane that allows small molecule to pass into mitochondria |
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| Inner Mitochondrial Membrane |
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| heavily folded membrane in mitochondria that strictly regulates molecules that pass it |
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| Folds of mitochondrial membranes |
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| toxic, highly reactive compounds with unpaired electrons; caused by leaking electrons in mitochondria |
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| Uncontrolled cell death that causes inflammation and damages other cells |
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| enzymes that cut up vital compounds in the cell |
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| set of reactions that convert light energy into chemical energy (glucose and carbohydrates) |
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| organelles that contain chlorophyll |
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| green pigment that traps light energy for photosynthesis |
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| light-absorbing yellow and orange pigments |
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| fluid filled space in chloroplasts containing enzymes |
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| Disc-like sacs suspended in the stroma of chloroplasts |
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| innermost compartments within the chloroplast enclosed by thylakoid membranes |
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| organelles that produce and store food materials in cells of plants and algae |
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| Precursor organelles found in less specialized plant cells, from which plastids develop |
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| contain pigments that give fruits and flowers characteristic colors |
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unpigmented plastids
(ex. amyloplasts) |
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| leukoplasts that store starch in cells of seeds, roots, tubers |
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| dense network of protein fibers that give cells strength, shape, and ability to move |
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| thickest filaments of the cytoskeleton; rigid and hollow rods that play structural role |
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Microtubule-associated Proteins
(MAPs) |
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| proteins important in microtubule function |
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| motor protein that moves organelles toward the plus end of a microtubule |
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| motor protein that moves organelles towards the minus end of microtubules |
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| main microtubule organizing center (MTOC) that is important in cell division |
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| two structures in centrosome that duplicate before cell division |
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| Framework for the orderly distribution of chromosomes during cell division |
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| thin, long, moveable structures projecting from cell that are used for locomotion |
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| Many short appendages projecting from cell surface, used for locomotion |
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| organizing structure that anchors cilia or flagella |
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| flexible, solid fibers linked to eachother and proteins in cell cortex |
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| region where there is network of microfilaments within the plasma membrane |
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| the protein associated with microfilaments in muscle cells |
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| bulges filled with cytoplasm caused by actin filaments pushing the plasma membranes |
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| tough, flexible fibers that provide mechanical strength and help stabalize cell shape |
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| Polysaccharide side chains of proteins and lipids that surround the cell and are part of the plasma membrane |
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Extracellular Matrix
(ECM) |
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| gel of carbohydrates and fibrous proteins surrounding cell secreted by some animal cells |
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| some glycoproteins of ECM that help organize matrix and help cells attach to it |
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| proteins that serve as membrane receptors for the ECM |
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| pathways activated by integrins that communicated information from the ECM |
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| polysaccharide that is the basis for composition of cell walls in plants |
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| Layer of gluelike polysaccharides (called pectins) between primary cell walls of adjacent cells |
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