Term
| Types of skeletal systems |
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Definition
Hydrostatic
Exoskeleton
Endoskeleton |
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Definition
| contains fluid held under pressure in a close body compartment. Organisms use peristalsis on land - produced by rhythmic waves of muscle contractions to move |
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| hard encasement deposited on surface of animal. made of cuticle (made of chitin) which is strong and flexible |
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| hard supporting elements buried in soft tissue. some bones are fused, other connected by ligaments to allow freedom of movement |
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Definition
ball-and-socket
hinge
pivot |
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Definition
allows 360 motion. ex: scapula and head of humerus
[image] |
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Definition
allows movement to rotate like a door ex: ulna and humerus (extend leg)
[image] |
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Definition
allows rotation like a swivel ex: ulna and radius (allows forearm to rotate in a cirlce
[image] |
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Definition
The skeletons of small and large animals have different proportions because of the principle of scaling
position of legs relative to the body is very important in determining how much weight the legs can bear |
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Definition
active travel from place to place
overcome friction and gravity.
energy cost- can be estimated by rate of oxygen consumption or CO2 production |
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Definition
friction is bigger problem than gravity.
organisms have streamlined shapes and can paddle, jet propulsion, undulate body |
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Definition
wings develop enough to overcome gravity
adaptations to reduce mass - no teeth or bladder |
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Term
| energy costs (high to lower) |
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Definition
| from top to bottom of mass - running, flying, swimming |
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Term
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Definition
convert energy from change in potential of sensory receptors (receptor potential) to electrical impulse to brain. giving the perception of stimuli
Sensory reception -> transduction -> transmission (integration begins when info is received. some are integrated through Summation) -> perception
[image] |
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Term
| Brain areas of perceptions |
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Definition
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Term
| oxidative muscle fiber vs glycolytic muscle fiber |
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Definition
aerobic respiration to generate ATP (mitochondria and myoglobin)
Glycolysis as primary source of ATP less myoglobin and tires more easily |
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Term
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Definition
| functional unit of muscle are the sarcomeres. thick filament of myosin - myosin. thin filament - actin. thin filament slide in toward the m line |
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Term
| components of skeletal muscle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| contract more rapidly but sustain shorter contractions (can be either glycolytic or oxidative) |
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Definition
| contract more slowly but sustain longer reactions (oxidative) |
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Term
| steps of contraction with sarcomere |
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Definition
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Term
How is muscle tension controlled and define motor unit |
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Definition
contraction of muscle is grade.
varies by number of fiber that contracts and rate at which fibers are stimulated
each muscle fiber is controlled by one motor neuron. (motor neurons may synapse with more than one fiber)
- motor unit - single motor neuron and all the fibers it controls |
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Term
| recruitment and summation |
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Definition
mutiple neurons result in stronger contractions
add the tension of action potentials in a series (tetanus - result in one smooth contraction of all sarcomeres) |
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Term
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Definition
striated cells connected electrically by intercalated disks (can generate action potentials without neural input)
contractions are slow and can be initiated by muscles themselves.
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Term
| muscle, fibers, spinal cord diagram |
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Definition
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Definition
light and strong.
live cells made of marrow, calcium, phosphorous, and blood vessels |
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Term
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Definition
Chemoreceptors
electromagnetic receptors
thermoreceptors
pain receptors
mechanoreceptors |
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Term
| General chemoreceptors vs specific chemorreceptors |
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Definition
Transmit info about total solute concentration of solution
Responds to individual kinds of solute |
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Term
| electromagnetic receptors |
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Definition
| detects light, electricity, magnetism |
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Term
| diagram of thermo, pain, and mechanoreceptors |
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Definition
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rods - light sensitive but don't distinguish colors, concentrated in periphery of retina
Cones - distinguish colors but not as sensitive to light, concentrated in fovea |
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Term
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Definition
1. shield the rest of the eye from germs, dust, and other harmful matter
2. acts as the eye's outermost lens |
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Definition
| allows light to enter the retina. |
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Definition
1. maintain pressure and structure of eye
2. nutrition for the various tissues
3. role in immune response |
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Definition
| regulates the entrance of light into the eye |
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Definition
| ringlike fibrous membrane connecting the ciliary body and the lens of the eye and holding the lens in place |
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Definition
| controls the thickness of the lens |
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Definition
| helps to refract lightto be focused on the retina |
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Definition
| opaque layer that provides attachment for intrinsic muscles of eye |
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Term
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Definition
| choroid layer is the middle layer of your eye, which abosorbs light and prevents internal reflection. |
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Definition
| the retina converts light rays into electric signals which are sent to the brain |
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Definition
| esponsible for sharp central vision |
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Term
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Definition
| helps keep the retina in place |
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Term
| central artery and vein of retina |
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Definition
| supplies nutrients and oxygen to eye's tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Using an electro-chemical data-transfer system, the optic nerve transmits visual information from light-sensitive receptors on the retina of the eye to the brain for analysis |
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Term
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Definition
| connected to the retina and carries visual information to the brain |
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Term
| tympanic membrane, malleus, incus, stapes |
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Definition
| Sound waves cause the Tympanic Membrane (eardrum) to vibrate, which in turn causes the Malleus (hammer) to transmit those vibrations to the next tiny bone in the ear, called the Incus (anvil). The Incus, in turn, transmits those vibrations to the third small bone in the ear, called the Stapes (stirrup). The Stapes then transmits the vibrations to the membrane of the inner ear, where they can be communicated to the brain for processing and interpretation (hearing). |
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Definition
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Definition
| houses the spiral organ of corti which is the receptor organ for hearing - hair cells that bend and send signal to brain |
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Definition
| equalizes the air pressure in your ears with the air pressure out side your ears |
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Definition
| oval window sits immediately behind the stapes, the third middle ear bone, and begins vibrating when "struck" by the stapes. This sets the fluid of the inner ear sloshing back and forth |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as a pressure valve, bulging outward as fluid pressure rises in the inner ear |
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Term
very inner ear diagram
basilar membrane, apex, axons, vestibular canal, vestibule |
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Definition
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Term
Inner ear equilibrium stuff.
vestibule, utricle, saccule, semicircular canals |
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Definition
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Definition
| mechanical/physical/etc stimulus is converted into an action potential which is transmitted along axons towards the central nervous system where it is integrated |
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Definition
| change in voltage across the receptormembrane proportional to the stimulus strength |
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Definition
Sensation involves converting energy into a change in membrane potential of receptors
perception is what the brain interprets these sensations to be |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three basic components of circulatory system |
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Definition
Circulatory fluid (blood or hemolymph)
a set of tubes (blood vessels)
muscular pump (heart) |
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Term
| flow of blood from heart to different sections |
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Definition
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Definition
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graphs for area (cm^2)
velocity
pressure |
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Definition
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Definition
| amount of blood pumped in single contraction |
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Definition
volume of blood pumped into system in one minute
Pulse*stroke volume |
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Term
| Valves, both right and left |
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Definition
Right: Atrioventricular (tricuspid); semilunar (pulmonary)
Left: Atrioventricular (bicuspid); semilunar (aortic) |
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Definition
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Definition
| fluid - less dense than cells |
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Term
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Definition
red cells - transport O2 and CO2
white blood - immune system (form buffy coat b/c has DNA)
platelets - clotting |
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Term
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Definition
caused by buildup of plaque within arteries.
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Term
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Definition
| death of heart tissue. cornery arteries give oxygen to cardiac tissue - blocked=death |
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Term
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Definition
| death of neural tissues in brain from one more arteries clogged carrying blood to brain |
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Term
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Definition
high blood pressure, promotes atherosclerosis, increased heart attack and stroke risk.
reduced by dietary changes, exercise, medication |
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Term
| order of large to small with veins and such |
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Definition
| aorta -> arteries -> arterials -> capillaries -> Venule -> veins -> vena cava (superior, inferior) |
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Term
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Definition
| impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart |
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Term
| cycle of impulses in heart |
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Definition
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Term
| organization of vertebrate nervous system |
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Definition
CNS composed of brain and spinal cord
PNS composed of nerves and ganglia
spinal cord can produce reflexes independently of brain
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Term
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Definition
| body's automatic response to a stimulus |
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Definition
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Definition
| not myelinated. (interneurons in gray matter) |
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Term
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Definition
sensory:dorsal
Motor: ventrical |
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Term
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Definition
| where two neurons meet. a single neuron can have up to 100k pre-synaptic neurons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| draw pre and postsynaptic neurons |
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Definition
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Term
| steps of synapse sending signal |
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Definition
1. action potential travels down post-syn neuron
2. voltage-gated Ca channels open
3. Ca causes synaptic vesicles w/ neurotransmitter to fuse to membrane and release ^
4. neurotransmitter binds to ligand-gated channels and receptors - creates graded depolarization |
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Term
| Excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) |
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Definition
| depolarizations that bring membrane potential toward threshold |
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Term
| inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) |
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Definition
| hyperpolarizations that move membrane potential farther from threshold |
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Term
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Definition
| norephinephrine, dopamine, serotonin -sleepiness; mood regulation; depression, anxiety |
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Term
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Definition
| GABA, Glutamate - primary inhibitor; primary excitatory |
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Term
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Definition
| single neuron achieves action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| way of achieving action potential in a neuron which involves input from multiple cells |
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