Term
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Definition
| The use of organisms to perform tasks for humans. |
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Term
| Define genetic engineering. |
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Definition
| The process of changing/modifying the DNA of an organism in order to change its traits |
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Term
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Definition
| A single DNA molecule that is made from 2 different sources of DNA. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of recombinant DNA technology. |
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Definition
| To make many copies of a desired gene using bacteria. Ex) mass produce medicine, vaccines, etc |
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Term
| Define gene cloning. Give an example. |
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Definition
Creating an exact copy of a piece of DNA.
Ex: Recombinant DNA technolgy or PCR |
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Term
| Define restriction enzyme. |
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Definition
| An enzyme used to cut DNA into fragments. |
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Term
| How does a restriction enzyme know where to cut the DNA? |
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Definition
| It recognizes a specific nucleotide sequence. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ring of DNA found in a bacteria cell. |
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Term
| What is the function of DNA ligase? |
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Definition
| Allows bonds to form between nucleotides during DNA recombination. |
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Term
| What are the steps of DNA recombinant technology? |
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Definition
1. Cut out desired gene from a chromosome using a restriction enzyme. Use the same restriction enzyme to cut open the plasmid.
2. Insert the desired gene into a plasmid.
3. DNA liagse pastes the recombinant DNA together.
4. Place the recombinant DNA into a bacteria cell to replicate. |
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Term
There is only 1 type of restriction enzyme.
True or False |
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Definition
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Term
| Define transgenic organism. |
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Definition
| Any organism that has acquired 1 or more genes by artificial means (in other words, it's been genetically modified) |
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Term
| Define genetically modified organism. |
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Definition
| Any organism that has acquired one or more genes by artificial means (in other words, it's transgenic) |
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Term
| An organism that has DNA from 2 different species is called _____. |
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Definition
| transgenic or genetically modified |
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Term
| Give an example of a genetically modified organism that we discussed in class. |
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Definition
| glow in the dark cat, pesticide resistant corn, rice with vitamin A added etc. |
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Term
| What are some of the pro of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) |
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Definition
| add nutrition/vitamins to food, create palnts that are resistant to diseases and insects, create medicines that are easy to access by everyone,etc. |
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Term
| What are some cons of GMOs (genetically modified organisms)? |
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Definition
| not tested long term, allergies, not labeled, can contaminate other plants |
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Term
| What the the steps of cloning an animal? |
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Definition
1. An unfertilized egg is donated. It's nucleus is removed.
2. The nucleus of a somatic cell is inserted into the egg cell.
3. The new nucleus & egg are fused with electricity.
4. The egg is put into a surrogate.
5. The clone is born! |
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Term
| What are the pros of cloning animals? |
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Definition
| We can create animals with desirable traits (ex: resistant to illness). We discussed others in class. |
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Term
| What are the cons of cloning animals? |
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Definition
It's difficult (Dolly took 277 tries!).
The technology isn't perfect (clones tend to have health problems)
Ethics questions (we discussed these in class) |
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Term
| What was the first mammal to be successfully cloned? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of Polymerase Chain Reaction? |
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Definition
To make many copies of a desired gene without using living cells like bacteria.
Ex) lab might make copies of DNA found at crime scene in order to do many different tests |
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Term
| How are Recombinant DNA technology and Polymerase Chain Reaction similar? How are they different? |
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Definition
Same: purpose is to make many copies of a gene
Different: PCR doesn't use living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Cells that are undifferentiated (they don't have a specific job yet and can become any type of cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| does not have a specific job or function |
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Term
| Where are the best stem cells found. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the pros of using stem cell technology? |
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Definition
| Could help people/animals with diseases like nerve damage, diabetes, cancer, etc. |
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Term
| What are the cons of using stem cells? |
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Definition
| some people don't think it's right to use embryonic cells for research |
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Term
| What is the purpose of gel electrophoresis? |
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Definition
| sorts molecules by length/size |
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Term
| List the steps of gel electrophoresis. |
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Definition
1. cut the DNA using restriction enzymes
2. put DNA into wells of gel
3. when power source is turned on, DNA will move to the opposite side of the gel |
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Term
| Explain how gel electrophoresis works. |
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Definition
| DNA is negatively charged. When DNA is put into the gel and the power source is turned on, DNA will be repelled from the negative side and attrached to the positive side of the gel. The smaller pieces of DNA will move farther than the larger pieces. |
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Term
| In gel electrophoresis, why do the smaller pieces of DNA move farther? |
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Definition
| they can fit through the pores of the gel more easily. |
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Term
| How can the results of gel electrophoresis be used? |
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Definition
| To compare DNA at a crime scene or to determine how closely related people/animals are |
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Term
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Definition
| Each person has a DNA banding pattern that is unique (unless you have an identical twin or clone) |
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Term
| Your DNA fingerprint would be more similar to your father than to your first cousin. True or False |
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Definition
| True, your DNA banding pattern is more similar to those who you are more closely related to |
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Term
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Definition
| a complete set of an organism's genetic material |
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Term
| What was the initial goal of the human genome project? |
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Definition
| to map out where all of the genes are located on each human chromosome |
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Term
| Why would mapping out of the human genes be helpful? |
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Definition
| If we know where the problems occur, maybe we can figure out how to fix them |
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Term
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Definition
| Chaning DNA sequences in order to cure diseases |
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Term
| Give the pros of the human genome project. |
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Definition
| could potentially cure diseases |
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Term
| Give the cons of the human genome project. |
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Definition
| designer babies, where does it stop |
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Term
| What makes stem cells unique? |
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Definition
| They are undifferentiated which means that they can become any type of cell. |
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Term
| How are genetically modified foods created? |
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Definition
| using recombinant DNA technology |
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Term
| Give some examples of genetic engineering that we discussed in this unit. |
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Definition
recombinant DNA technolgy
gene cloning
PCR |
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Term
| Describe the result of gene cloning. |
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Definition
| many copies of a gene are made (they are all identical to each other) |
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Term
Be able to analyze DNA fingerprint results like this one:
[image] |
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Definition
| children should have a mixture of DNA bands from mom and dad |
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Term
| Be able to explain how gel elecrophoresis works:[image] |
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Definition
| DNA loaded into wells at top, electric current causes top (near wells) to be negative & bottom to be positive, DNA is negative so it's repelled by - and attrached to +, sorts DNA by length b/c short segments can move easier |
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Term
Be able to explain this diagram:
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Be able to explain this diagram:
[image] |
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Definition
| recombinant DNA technology, see notes |
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Term
| What is the difference between totipotent, pluripotent, and multipotent stem cells |
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Definition
totipotent= can become any cell or an embryo
pluripotent= can become any cell, but not embryo
multipotent= can become certain cells, but not all (ex: any type of blood cell) |
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