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Definition
| Enzyme used to synthesize the formation of Cyclic AMP (cAMP) |
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Binding sites for proteins that are used to degrade a given gene found in mRNA
Used to regulate mRNA
the longer the AU rich region is the more unstable the gene is and the shorter its half life will be
Considered a cis-acting element |
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Term
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Definition
cyclic Adenosine monophosphate
It is a second messenger and is used in signal transduction
It is made from ATP and synthesized by Adenyl Cyclase
Concentration is decreased in the presence of glucose
Prevents the binding of the repressor during translation and binds to the promoter in the absence of glucose
Activates Kinase A for the phosphorylation of CREB |
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Definition
cAMP binding protein
Binds near the promoter and increases the affinity of RNA polymerase for the promoter
Can only be used when complexed with cAMP
Used in translation to prevent binding of the repressor |
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The addition of a methyl group to cytosine
Contributes to the formation of heterochromatin and binds other proteins which further induce condensation of the Chromatin to silence genes
The methylation pattern is inherited |
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Definition
Change in the conformation of the repressor in the presence of glucose which prevents DNA from binding to it
This allows RNA Polymerase to bind to the promoter to begin transcription |
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Definition
| When the binding of CAP near the promoter region increases the affinity of RNA POlymerase for the Promoter region |
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Definition
cAMP response Element which is next to the cAMP which is used for glucose metabolism
Binds to CREB |
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Definition
CRE binding protein
Binds the promoters of genes activated by cAMP
Binding stimulates transcription
phosphorylated by the activation of Kinase A by cAMP
Transcription factor |
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Definition
Biochemical Inheritance Mechanism
When the methylation pattern can be inherited but the DNA sequence does not change |
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| Uncondensed chromatin which can be accessed for the expression of a gene |
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Definition
When a single base is added or removed after the AUG of any exon which can lead to a change in the reading frame
Can sometimes lead to a new stop codon
Double base additions or removals will have the same effect but multiples of three base additions or removals will preserve the reading frame and lead to addition or removal of an amino acid |
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DNA of an Individual
Differences between peoples DNA is considered differences in their genotype |
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The consequences of the DNA of people
Differences in appearance, behavior, biochemistry, etc. are considered differences in phenotypes |
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Definition
| When the reduction of the function or activity one of the 2 genes or half results in an effect |
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| The packaging of inactive genes in a condensed structure |
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Term
| Lysine (Histone) acetylation |
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Definition
The addition of an acetyl group to the N terminus of the histone which weakens the interaction with DNA allowing it to uncondense and form euchromatin
Acts over a region of a gene or chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
Either Lysine or Arganine can be methylated
depending on which is methylated it will lead to the formation of either Euchromatin(Lysine) or heterochromatin(arginine)
Doesnt alter side chain charge
Recruits protein to either condense or uncondense DNA |
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Definition
The 3 out of 4 base changes which result in the production of a different amino acid
Some protein regions can better tolerate mutations and these regions are usually found in the loops |
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| Base changes which generate a premature stop codon |
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| Trans-acting factor binds to a target and increases gene expression by increasing the transcription rate, Increasing the frequency of translation or decreasing the rate of degradation |
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| Binding of trans-acting element to target to decrease gene expression by increasing the rate of degradation, decreasing the transcription rate or decreasing the translation frequency |
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| Site of protein degradation |
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Definition
Small protein which attaches to target proteins to lead them to the proteasome for degradation
Ubiquitination rate is different for each protein |
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| Duplicates of functional genes which have accumulated mutations to the point where the gene is no longere expressed |
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Definition
| When bound to DNA it Physically blocks RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter region when |
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