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Gene expression
Tufts D17 exam IV
32
Biochemistry
Professional
11/27/2013

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Term
How does the del know which strand is the correct one in mismatch repair
Definition
In gram negative bacteria transient hemimethylation distinguishes strands.
Term
Unique feature of RNA
Definition
Has secondary structure with internal base pairing
Term
Does it matter which strand of DNA the RNA is copied from?
Definition
The template strand is used to code the RNA. The coding strand tells you what protein strand will be.
Term
Why use Uracil in RNA and Thymidine in DNA
Definition
C-U change takes place frequently by deamination. Have special repair mechanism. IF u were used all the time in DNA instead of T the cell wouldn't be able to detect theU created chemically from C and remove it.
Term
Which enzyme doesn't need a primer to start synthesis but can't proofread
Definition
RNA polymerase. Since RNA short lived mistakes aren't as important
Term
What is a promoter
Definition
TATAAT Box that tells enzyme where to start transcription.
Term
What are the steps of post transcription modification
Definition
1) capped at 5' end 2. polyadenylated at 3' end
3. Spliced.
Term
What is a 5' cap?
Definition
A 5'-5'linkage of 5'ost nucletodie to 7-metylguanosine. Protects RNA from degredation
Term
How does polyadenylation work?
Definition
An enzyme detects he AAUAA cleavage signal and another enzyme adds AAAAAA-0h.This promotes export from the nucleus.
Term
What does the stem loop structure do
Definition
The RNA synthesis ends when RNA is mae that forms a hairpin and shuts down syntehsis
Term
What is splicing
Definition
Removing intros and allowing exons to form the correct protein.
Term
Why does DNA hack introns
Definition
Exons can combine in different ways to make new proteins.
Term
How does the splicing enzyme know where to cut
Definition
The RNA has a code on both ends of the exons that tell where to cut.
Term
What if there is a mutation in the splice site?
Definition
you wont splice correctly. Hemophilia.
Term
What is alternative splicing
Definition
When one gene is spliced in different ways to make different proteins.
Term
What controls transcription rate
Definition
..
Term
Basal transcription protein form when
Definition
When the Tata box is bound by Tata binding protein
Term
The upstream enhancer binds to what ?
Definition
Activators that enhance transcription
Term
What are examples of activator proteins?
Definition
Steroid hormone receptors, smads, or other factors.
Term
What is a coactivator
Definition
A coactivater binds and activator to the basal machinery wsich increase transcription rate
Term
What happens to Hiltons to change their structure and unfold chromatin
Definition
acetylatin of lysine on Hiltons neutralizes the charge which allows for active transcription
Term
What are HATs and HDs
Definition
Hiltons acetyl transferases turn on transcription and Hiltons deacetylase turns off
Term
What is a mechanism turns of DNA for a long time
Definition
Methylation of Cs. DNA methycytosine
Term
Maternal care at birth affects behavior across generations
Definition
Methylation caused by mother can effect gene expression of offspring for generations despite being genetically identical
Term
What do micro RNAs do
Definition
Micro RNAs bind to messenger RNA and cause RNA to be degraded or stop translation.
Term
MicroRNA can affect how many genes?
Definition
microRNAs regulate groups of genes and can regulate 50% of genes in a genome.
Term
What is an siRNA
Definition
Small interfering RNA is synthesized to block expression of genes to therapeutically treat patients
Term
What do northern blots do
Definition
RNA is seperat3ed by size and detected with a rpobe. Exports hybridization of RNA-DNA. Used t detect level of expressing of genes.
Term
What is a microchip
Definition
A chip where each gene of an entire genome is spooted individually on a chip. If you hydbirize a pool of mRNA and compare it across samples. Use reverse transcriptase to to convert RNA to DNA.
Term
What do northern blots do
Definition
RNA is seperat3ed by size and detected with a rpobe. Exports hybridization of RNA-DNA. Used t detect level of expressing of genes.
Term
What is a microchip
Definition
A chip where each gene of an entire genome is spooted individually on a chip. If you hydbirize a pool of mRNA and compare it across samples. Use reverse transcriptase to to convert RNA to DNA.
Term
Bonus question
Definition
Alternative splicing.
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