Term
| Which processes require mitosis? (3) |
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Definition
| Somatic cell division, vegetative growth, and asexual reproduction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic clones with an extra copy of the nuclear genome from the original cell. |
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Term
| What do different forms of cell duplication produce? |
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Definition
| Genetically identical offspring or daughter cells |
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Term
| Is there a specific mechanism for introducing genetic diversity during mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1n or one set of chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| 2n or two sets of chromosomes |
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Term
| Which organisms are diploid? |
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Definition
| Most plants and animals including humans |
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Term
| Sexual reproduction requires? |
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Definition
| Formation of new individual from two haploid sex cells or gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| The process that converts a diploid cell to four haploid gametes |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetic diversity in the gametes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Vegetatively as haploid or diploid cells duplicating by mitosis |
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Term
| The switch from a diploid cell to haploid cell requires? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The products of meiosis in fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| The point of attachment of the spindle apparatus and therefore plays a key role in the segregation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The nuclear division associated with somatic or vegetarive cell chcle that preserves the DNA content of cells |
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Term
| What are the 6 stages of mitosis? |
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Definition
| Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, and cytokinesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell increases in size. The DNA of the chromosomes is replicated and the centrosome is duplicated. |
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Term
| Interphase is made up of 3 states which are |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The cell decides to divide the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesis or DNA replication |
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Term
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Definition
| The cell prepares to divide |
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Term
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Definition
| The division of a cell into two daughter cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Nuclear division, or mitosis, and cytoplasmic division, or cytokinesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The replicated chromosomes, each consisting of two closely associated sister chromatids, condense. Outside the nucleus, the mitotic spindle assembles between the two centromeres, which have replicated and moved apart. |
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Term
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Definition
| Starts abruptly with the breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Chromosomes can now attach to spindle microtubes via their kinetochores, and undergo active movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomes are aligned at the equator of the spindle, midway between the spindle poles. The paired kinetochore microtubules on each chromosome attach to opposite poles of the spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| The paired chromatids synchronously separate to form two daughter chromosomes, and each is pulled slowly toward the spindle pole it faces. The kinetochore microtubules get shorter nd the spindle poles also move apart, both contributing to chromosome separation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The two sets of daughter chromosomes arrive at the poles of the spindle. A new nuclear envelope reassembles around each set, completing the formation of two nuclei and marking the end of mitosis. The division of the cytoplasm begins with the assembly of the contractile ring. |
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Term
| During cytokinesis of an animal cell |
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Definition
| The cytoplasm is divided in two by a contractile ring of actin and myosin, which pinches in the cell to create two dughters, each with one nucleus. |
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Term
| How many cytoskeletal machines operate in M phase? |
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Definition
| 2, microtubules of the mitotic spindle and actin and myosin filaments of the contractile ring |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of nuclear division that produces four products of meiosis |
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Term
| Meiosis consists of two divisions which are |
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Definition
| Meiosis 1, a reduction division and meiosis 2, an equational division |
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Term
| The products of meiosis have |
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Definition
| One half the number of chromosomes (haploid or 1n) of the original diploid cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Crossing over that occurs during meiosis 1 |
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Term
| What do chromosomes do during meiosis 1 and 2? |
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Definition
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Term
| The chromosomes in the products of meiosis |
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Definition
| Are genetically different from those in the original cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomes begin to condense following interphase |
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Term
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Definition
| Synapsis aligns homologs, and chromosomes condense further |
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Term
| Late prophase 1 prometaphase |
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Definition
| Chromosomes continue to coil and shorten. Crossing over results in an exchange of genetic material. In prometaphase the nuclear envelope breaks down. |
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Term
| During late prophase 1 prometaphase |
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Definition
| Crossing over occurs that swaps genetic information on the non sister chromatids |
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Term
| The synaptonemal complex forms during |
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Definition
| Late prophase 1 prometaphase |
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Term
| What arethe 5 stages of prophase 1? |
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Definition
| Leptotene, Zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin thread; chromosomes become visible |
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Term
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Definition
| Paired threads; synaptonemal complex forms between two sets of sister chromatids in each bivalent, called synapsis (pairing) of homologous chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| Thick thread; thickening of chromosomes in bivalents, cross overs or chiasmata (singular chiasma) are visible |
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Term
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Definition
| Double thread; prominent chiasmata (cross over connections) |
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Term
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Definition
| Moving apart; maximum condensation and repulsion of chromosomes (chromosomes are still held by chiasmata); ends with nuclear envelope decomposition and spindle initiation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The homologus pairs line up on the metaphase plate |
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Term
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Definition
| The homologous chromosomes each with two chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomes gather into nuclei and the original cell divides. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomes condense again, following a brief interphase (interkinesis) in which DNA does not replicate. |
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Term
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Definition
| The centromere of the paired chromatids line up at the equatorial plate of each cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromatids are pulled to opposite poles. Because of crossing over in prophase 1 each new cell has a different genetic makeup. |
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Term
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Definition
| The chromosomes gather into nuclei and the cells divide. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each product has a nucleus with a haploid number of chromosomes. |
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Term
| Chromosomes assort independently in |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| During prophase of meiosis 1 |
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