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Definition
The study of biologically inherited traits.
Fixed genetic info passed from one generation to the next. |
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| Overall constancy of inherited trait and uniqueness of each individual. |
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| Categorization of organisms into species |
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| The largest and most inclusive reproductive communities of sexual and cross fertilizing individuals that share in a common pool of genetic material. |
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| Unique set/combination of inherited characteristics, which make it different from other species. |
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| The general criteria for species are: |
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| Mating, divergence, and similar environments. |
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A group of individuals or organisms that are held together by the ability to exchange genetic material (this is a 'cohesive force')
Predominance |
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Species divergence is irreversible (if two species can go back to interbreeding then they were not really seperate species)
No longer mate with eachother |
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Live in or share similar environments (ecotypes) and have similar lifestyles.
Does not have to be in the same location. |
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| How to assign species classification to organisms that do not have a sexual life style? |
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Definition
| To classify prokaryotes, as of 2002, classification is based on DNA sequence criteria. |
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| If two prganisms share >70% genome identity and less than 3% sequence difference in the 16S ribosomal RNA (important constituent of the translatonal machinery) then they are the same species |
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Definition
| A functional unit of inheritance |
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Definition
All the observable properties (structural and functional) of an organism.
Represents everything in an organism. |
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| The sum of the genetic info contained in an organism |
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All the genes affecting eye color.
Specific |
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Definition
Genotype does not translate to phenotype and the environment has an impact on phenotype.
A genotype specifies a range of possible phenotypes (no direct outcome to phenotype) |
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| How much does environment influence genotype and phenotype? |
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Definition
| The environment may have a small contribution, a profound influence, or each stage of development determines the phenotype. |
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Definition
The gradual process by which the living world has been developing following the origin of life.
A change in the genetic composition of a population over time. |
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| Evolutionary changes occur from: |
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Definition
| Primary evolutionary forces, which produce and sort out genetic variations and operate in field of space and time (very long time). |
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Definition
| Ancestors form the trunk of the tree and evolution and species diversity increases toward the top of the tree. |
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| "spontaneous variation" together with the "struggle for life" by natural selection |
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the observed rate of molecular evolution (mutation) is too fast to be explained by natural selection alone.
Modern day view. |
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Definition
| chance is more important than selection in producing natural diversity. other factors: population size, geographical isolation, genetic drift, etc. |
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The cell theory
Three Criteria |
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Definition
the cell is the smallest building element of a multicellular organism, and as a unit is itself an elementary organism.
a cell can only be produced from another cell by cell division.
each cell in a multicellular organism has a specific task to accomplish and represents a working unit. |
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| Living matter - properties (3) |
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Definition
metabolism (enzymology)
reproduction
evolvability (change) |
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Definition
| Thomas Cech and Sydney Altman |
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Definition
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Definition
| self splicing, peptidyl transferase |
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Definition
| with RNA template, new RNA strand can form without replication machinery |
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Definition
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| How does RNA meet the criteria for basic life? |
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Definition
Metabolic: enzyme
Reproduction: self replication
Evolves |
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True or False:
RNA brings genotype and phenotype together. |
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Definition
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| What is Jack Szostak known for? |
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Definition
"Clay molds" around RNA that helps with reactions.
Membrane bound compartment that began the hypothesis of cells. |
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| Similarities between prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
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Definition
Universal genetic code
Major metabolic pathways (N, P, C, and S metabolism) are virtually the same in all organisms.
Chemistry of energy transfer reactions (e.g. thioester bond formation) |
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| Prokaryotes compartments and organelles |
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Definition
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| Eukaryotes compartments and organelles |
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Definition
Many
Always nucleus and mitochondrion |
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Definition
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| Unicellular or multicellular |
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Definition
| They can live on sunlight, air, and water alone: they use ("fix") CO2 and N2 straight from the atmosphere to produce oxygen. |
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| Cell to Cell communication |
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Definition
| spatial pattern of organism |
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